Uterine fertility

Another structural type is chromenes. Centchroman [31477-60-8]is a pyrrolidinoethoxyplienyl chromane which is a potent antiestrogen with weak estrogenic activity. In India, it is used as a weekly contraceptive pih based on its reported abiUty to inhibit the uterine preparation for the attachment of the fertilized ova to the wall of the utems (see Contraceptives) (31). 

After insertion of an lUD, polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages accumulate in the uterine cavity. These cells appear to phagocytize sperm and Hberate a blastotoxic toxin (92,93). Intrauterine devices also may create a hostile environment, perhaps because antibodies are produced that interfere with implantation of the fertilized ovum (93). 

Beneficial effects have also been attributed to PAF. In reproduction, PAF secreted by the fertilized egg is instrumental in the implantation of the egg in the uterine wall. PAF is produced in significant quantities in the lungs of the fetus late in pregnancy and may stimulate the production of fetal lung surfactant, a protein-lipid complex that prevents collapse of the lungs in a newborn infant. 

The device prevents uterine pregnancy but it does not prevent ovulation or ectopic (implantation of the fertilized egg outside of the uterus) pregnancy. 

Ectopic pregnancy Presence of a fertilized ovum outside the uterine cavity. 

F (decreased mating and fertility indices, abnormal estrous cycle, decreased uterine weight)... 

Contraception is the prevention of pregnancy following sexual intercourse by inhibiting sperm from reaching a mature ovum (i.e., methods that act as barriers or prevent ovulation) or by preventing a fertilized ovum from implanting in the endometrium (i.e., mechanisms that create an unfavorable uterine environment). 

Uterine leiomyomas are the most frequent benign disease of the female reproductive apparatus. At least 20-25% of women of fertile age and 50% of women studied in postmortem have uterine leiomyomas (Stewart 2001 Palomba et al. 2005a). In between 20 and 50% of cases, the uterine leiomyomas cause a clinically relevant symptomatology (such as menorrhagia, infertility, recurrent abortion, pelvic pain, and so on) and treatment is required (Stewart 2001 Palomba et al. 2006a). Thus, this disease is one of the main causes of health expense in the field of gynecology (Stewart 2001 Palomba et al. 2006a). In fact,... 

To date, the standard treatment for uterine leiomyomas is their laparo-tomic/laparoscopic excision in women who want to preserve their fertility, whereas the use of a more extensive surgery, such as the hysterectomy, is reserved for disseminating uterine leiomyomatosis, generally in the peri-menopausal period (Stewart 2001 Palomba et al. 2006a). 

Jirecek S, Lee A, Pavo I, Crans G, Eppel W, Wenzl R (2004) Raloxifene prevents the growth of uterine leiomyomas in premenopausal women. Fertil Steril 81 132-136... 

Marshall LM, Spiegelman D, Goldman MB, Manson JE, Colditz G, Barbieri RL, Stampfer MJ, Hunter DJ (1998) A prospective study of reproductive factors and oral contraceptive use in relation to the risk of uterine leiomyomata. Fertil Steril 70 432-439... 

Palomba S, Affinito P, Tommaselli GA, Nappi C (1998) A clinical trial on the effects of ti-bolone association with gonadotropin-releasinghormone analogues for the treatment of uterine leiomyomata. Fertil Steril 70 111-118... 

Palomba S, Affinito P, Di Carlo C, Bifulco G, Nappi C (1999) Longterm administration of tibolone plus gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist for treatment of uterine leiomyomas effectiveness and effects on vasomotor symptoms, bone mass, and lipid profile. Fertil Steril 72 889-895... 

Palomba S, Sammartino A, Di Carlo C, Affinito P, Zullo F, Nappi C (2001) Effects of raloxifene treatment on uterine leiomyomas in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 76 38-43... 

Palomba S, Zullo F, Orio F Jr, Lombardi G (2004a) Does raloxifene inhibit the growth of uterine fibroids Fertil Steril 81 1719-1720... 

Palomba S, Orio F Jr, Russo T, Falbo A, Tolino A, Lombardi G, Cimini V, Zullo F (2005b) Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of raloxifene on uterine leiomyomas in postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril (in press)... 

Shozu M, Murakami K, Segawa T, Kasai T, Inoue M (2003) Successful treatment of a symptomatic uterine leiomyoma in a perimenopausal woman with a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor. Fertil Steril 79 628-631... 

It is highly probable that almost any fertilized rat egg cell can be made to develop into a healthy rat with healthy noncarious teeth if its nutrition is adequately cared for during uterine, suckling, and later states. It is likewise highly probable that any fertilized rat egg cell can be made to develop into a rat which will be susceptible to teeth decay if its nutrition is made defective in the appropriate manner. What this "appropriate manner" is, is yet to be discovered. We are again face to face with the problem What metabolic peculiarities (probably augmented nutritional demands) are basic to susceptibility to tooth decay ... 

The cause of abortion is generally a defective ovum, which progestational agents could not be expected to influence. In addition, progestational agents have uterine relaxant properties that may cause a delay in spontaneous abortion when given to patients with fertilized defective ova. 

Treatment starts when the embryo is attached to the uterine wall and has completed the first stages of implantation. Therefore, pre-implantation development should be unaffected by the test substance. However, even in controls, not all fertilized oocytes develop to the hatched blastocyst stage. A loss of up to two preimplantation embryos per female can be considered a normal finding in rats and rabbits. In studies where exposure begins at or before fertilization a dose-dependent increase in the number of females that show larger differences between corpora lutea and implantation sites may indicate toxicity to pre-implantation embryos or the process of implantation itself. 

In infertile women choosing in vitro fertilization, naferelin in combination with gonadotrophins can be used for stimulating ovulation. It is also useful in management of uterine leiomyoma, benign prostatic hypertrophy, hirsutism and polycystic ovarian syndrome. 

Inducing other changes in the uterine mucosa which may be unfavourable for the implantation of fertilized ovum. This action is important in minipills and postcoital pills. 

Some end-points that detect endocrine-related effects in exposed adults are part of routine testing. These include some measures of fertility, reproductive organ appearance and weight, histopathology, oocyte number, cycle patterns and mating behaviour. Uterine protein production has also been used in toxicological assessment (Maier et al.,... 

Antiprogestins, such as RU-486 (lift-hydroxy-11/3 (4 dimethylamino phenyl-1 )-17ry-(prop-l-ynyl)-estra-4.9-diene-3-one) (33) and ZK98299 1 l/J-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-17a-hydroxy-17/j-(3-hydroxypropyl-13a-methyl-4,9-gonadien-3-one) represent a new class of drags for fertility regulation. Also, these drugs have potential applications in the treatment of uterine cancer. 

Cicinelli, E., et al. 2004. First uterine pass effect is observed when estradiol is placed in the upper but not the lower third of the vagina. Fertil Steril 81 1414. 

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