Embryo implantation

Schmid P, Paria BC, Krebsbach R, Schmid H, Dey SK. Changes in anandamide levels in mouse uterus are associated with uterine receptivity for embryo implantation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997 94 4188-4192. 

In a preliminary in vivo animal study, DCE gel, without pharmaceutical active, reduced pregnancy rates to the same degree as a leading commercial product containing 4% N9. The addition of 2% N9 to DCE gel induced a significantly lower embryo implantation rate than the commercial product containing 4% N9. 

Steroids are derived bio synthetically from cholesterol. They play multiple roles in human physiology sex characteristics, control of inflammation, embryo implantation, and control of salt and water balance. Cholesterol itself is an indispensable constituent of biological membranes. 

Fertility impairment Raloxifene delayed and disrupted embryo implantation resulting in prolonged gestation and reduced litter size. 

Jones, R. et al. (2002). Potential roles for endometrial inhibins, aetivins and follistatin during human embryo implantation and early pregnancy. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 13(4), 144-150. 

Once after mating at the time of embryo implantation. 

Wang, H., and Dey, S. K. (2005). Lipid signaling in embryo implantation. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat. 77, 84-102. 

Postimplantation embryo - implantation to 8th week of exposure measured or modelled using adult methods fetal exposure modelled from maternal... 

Given this dependence on steroid hormones, endocrine-disrupting xenobiotics that affect the synthesis or actions of estradiol or progesterone are likely to disrupt embryo implantation or pregnancy. Indeed, the abortifacient action of the morning... 

K8. Kolb, B. A., and Paulson, R. J., The luteal phase of cycles utilizing controlled ovarian hyperstimulation and the possible impact of this hyperstimulation on embryo implantation. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 176,1262-1267 (1997). 

Progesterone derives from the ovary (mainly from the corpus luteum) and from the placenta and is involved in uterine endometrium differentiation for embryo implantation,... 

Sildenafil Endometrial development for embryo implantation Vaginal suppository Enhanced endometrial development was achieved 340... 

M.F. Cavieres, J. Jaeger and W. Porter, Developmental Toxicity of a Commercial Herbicide Mixture in Mice I, Effects on embryo implantation and litter size, Environmental Health Perspecitves, 2002, 110, 1081. 

Several studies have also demonstrated that sulfur mustard causes dominant lethal mutations. Rozmiarek et al. (1973) reported a dominant lethal mutation rate of 9.4% ( 1.9%) in rats after adult males had been exposed to 0.1 mg HD/m for 12 weeks. Sasser et al. (1990) reported that a dominant lethal effect occurred after male Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed orally with 0.5 mg HD/kg/day 5 days/week for 10 weeks. The observed effects included increases in early fetal absorptions, preimplantation losses, and decreases in total live embryo implants. A significant increase in the percentage of abnormal sperm was also reported. Dominant lethal mutations, as well as chromosome rearrangements, have also been observed in Drosophila melanogaster exposed to sulfur mustard (Auerbach and Robson, 1946). 

In a study with donated oocytes, it was shown that women who smoke are less fertile than those who do not and that exposure to tobacco smoke affects uterine receptiveness to embryo implantation. 13 ... 

Tielemans E, van Kooij R, Looman C, et al. Paternal occupational exposures and embryo implantation rates after IVF. Fertil Steril 2000 74(4) 690-5. 

The mouse preimplantation assay (MEPA) uses zygotes recovered from mated females, cultured in vitro for 7-10 days to assess embryo development, hatching, and survival that represent the toxicological endpoints [19]. The test is capable to assess toxic effects on preimplantation embryo development and survival in vitro up to hatching, a stage that precedes in vivo embryo implantation. It is a commercially available test, but still it has not been standardized and transferability to other laboratories must be addressed. 

Song H, Lim H, Paria BC, Matsumoto H, Swift LL, Morrow J, Bonventre JV, Dey SK (2002) Cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha is crucial [correction of A2alpha deficiency is crucial] for on-time embryo implantation that directs subsequent development. Development 129 2879—2889... 

Ye X, Hama K, Contos JJ, Anliker B, Inoue A, Skinner MK, Suzuki H, Amano T, Kennedy G, Arai H, Aoki J, Chun J (2005) LPA3-mediated lysophosphatidic acid signalhng in embryo implantation and spacing. Nature 435 104-108... 

Paria BC, Song H, Wang X, Schmid PC, Krebsbach RJ, Schmid HH, Bonner Tl, Zimmer A, Dey SK (2001) Dysregulated cannabinoid signaling disrupts uterine receptivity for embryo implantation. J Biol Chem 276 20523-20528... 

In minks, repeated exposure to low doses of Aroclor 1254 or Clophen A50 (0.4—1.8 mg/kg/day) caused reproductive failure that has been associated with fetal death following embryo implantation (Aulerich and Ringer 1977 Backlin and Bergman 1995 Backlin et al. 1997 Kihlstrom et al. 1992). This effect may predominately involve Ah-receptor mediation, as evidenced by observations that only 1/10 minks... 

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