Uses of Bismuth

Although lead acetate [301-04-2] is the only metallic dye used ia the early 1990s, salts or silver, copper, nickel, cobalt, bismuth, and iron have been utilized ia the past. A patent (39) refers to the use of bismuth citrate ia a solution made alkaline with triisopropan ol amine. 

Bismuth citrate can be used only for coloring scalp hair such that the amount of bismuth citrate does not exceed 0.5% weight/volume of the product. Specific restrictions prohibit the use of bismuth citrate for coloring eyelashes, eyebrows, or hair on parts of the body other than the scalp they also iadicate label specifications. 

Other. Insoluble alkaline-earth metal and heavy metal stannates are prepared by the metathetic reaction of a soluble salt of the metal with a soluble alkah—metal stannate. They are used as additives to ceramic dielectric bodies (32). The use of bismuth stannate [12777-45-6] Bi2(Sn02)3 5H20, with barium titanate produces a ceramic capacitor body of uniform dielectric constant over a substantial temperature range (33). Ceramic and dielectric properties of individual stannates are given in Reference 34. Other typical commercially available stannates are barium stannate [12009-18-6] BaSnO calcium stannate [12013 6-6] CaSnO magnesium stannate [12032-29-0], MgSnO and strontium stannate [12143-34-9], SrSnO. ... 

Saturday, December 19, 1942. Today Thompson tested the use of bismuth phosphate as a carrier for 94 in its reduced state with rather encouraging results. Upon precipitating relatively high concentrations of bismuth (15-25 mg per 10 cc) as bismuth phosphate from 20% UNH solution, he finds the 94 to be carried to the extent of more than 85%. The bismuth phosphate precipitates are slow in forming and require digestion at temperatures of the order of 75°C. 

Scheme 11.4 shows some other representative Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions. Entries 1 and 2 show typical Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions using A1C13. Entries 3 and 4 are similar, but include some functionality in the acylating reagents. Entry 5 involves formation of a mixed trifluoroacetic anhydride, followed by acylation in 85% H3PO4. The reaction was conducted on a kilogram scale and provides a starting material for the synthesis of tamoxifen. Entry 6 illustrates the use of bismuth triflate as... 

The work in this group has focussed mainly in antimony and bismuth because of the thermoelectric properties of the chalcogenides186 and as low temperature single-source precursors to related semiconductor materials.187 The use of bismuth compounds in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders has lead to the study of several thiolate compounds as models to understand the bioactivity. 

The Sohio technology is based on a catalyst of bismuth an4 molybdenum oxides. Subsequent catalyst improvements came from the use of bismuth phosphomolybdate on a silica gel, and more recently, antimony-uranium oxides. Each change in catalyst was motivated Jby a higher conversion rate per pass to acrylonitrile. 

Abstract Bismuth(III) salts are currently considered efficient and ecofriendly reagents and catalysts for the development of new applications in organic synthesis. The preparation of bismuth(III) triflate and its analogues is reviewed as well as some of their applications to the synthesis of bulk chemicals via electrophilic addition and cyclization reactions. The use of bismuth(III) salts in the development of new chemical processes involving steroids and terpenes as substrates is also discussed. 

OTf)3 (5 mol%). The use of bismuth triflate/[bmim]BF4 is the ideal catalytic system for these condensations because the recovery and reuse of bismuth triflate is especially easy in ionic liquids compared to toluene. 

The role of bismuth(III) salts as Lewis acids has only been studied since the late 1980 s. Pioneering work by Dubac, Wada and others paved the way to wide and general methods using bismuth(III) catalysts. The versatile use of bismuth salts in synthesis has clearly been highlighted by the increasing number of publications in the field. The low toxicity of bismuth salts, associated with low cost, make them attractive and practical catalysts to use. Synergistic effects with other Lewis acids have also been recently highlighted. 

Moreover, the use of bismuth catalysts has definitively contributed to the area of environmentally benign catalysts, known as green catalysts. These are fascinating... 

Bismuth, discovered in 1753, has a long history of medical uses ranging from treatment of syphilis and malaria to diarrhea. More recently, antibacterial properties of bismuth-containing antacids have been used to treat peptic ulcers. In general the medical use of bismuth has declined with the advent of new drug therapies. 

All diese early recipes specified the use of bismuth ores. Dr. Johann Albrecht Gesner of Wurttemberg showed in 1744, however, that this peculiar ink was produced not from the bismuth itself but from the cobalt present in the ore (120). 

Castings -standards and specification [MATERIALS STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS] (Vol 16) -use of bismuth alloys m piSMUTH AND BISMUTH ALLOYS] (Vol 4)... 

Many polycyclic aromatic amines and aldehydes are commercially available, but their supply is very limited. Preparation of these starting materials is necessary for studying the (3-lactam formation reaction [93]. Nitro compounds are the precursors for the amines. An important task was to prepare polycyclic aromatic nitro compounds, particularly those of chrysene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and dibenzofluorene in good yield. Nitration of these hydrocarbons with concentrated nitric acid in sulfuric acid is a widely used reaction for this purpose. Our research culminated in facile synthesis of polyaromatic nitro derivative 9 starting from polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 8 through the use of bismuth nitrate impregnated with clay (Scheme 1) ([94, 95] for some examples of bismuth nitrate-catalyzed reactions... 

Spiegel L. 1931. A discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes resembling argyria, following the use of bismuth and silver arsphenamine. Archives of Dermatology and syphilology 23 266-286. 

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