Urban air quality

Schere, K. L., and Demerjian, K. L., A photochemical box model for urban air quality simulation, in "Proceedings of the Fourth Joint Conference on Sensing of Environmental Pollutants." American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1978, pp. 427-433. 

In the United States, in particular, recent legislation has mandated sweeping improvements to urban air quality by limiting mobile source emissions and by promoting cleaner fuels. The new laws require commercial and government fleets to purchase a substantial number of vehicles powered by an alternative fuel, such as natural gas, propane, electricity, methanol or ethanol. However, natural gas is usually preferred because of its lower cost and lower emissions compared with the other available alternative gas or liquid fuels. Even when compared with electricity, it has been shown that the full fuel cycle emissions, including those from production, conversion, and transportation of the fuel, are lower for an NGV [2]. Natural gas vehicles offer other advantages as well. Where natural gas is abundantly available as a domestic resource, increased use... 

Sulfur dioxide emissions resulting from fossil fuel can have negative effects on urban air quality and create acid rain that harms aquatic life. These emissions arc nonexcludable in that there is no private action that a particular individual can take to avoid this impact, and they are nonrival in that their effect on any one individual does not preclude or offset their effect on any other. 

AKLAND ET AL. Global Assessment of Ambient Urban Air Quality... 

Assessment of Urban Air Quality. United Nations Environment Program and World Health Organization, 1988. 

Uranyl hydroxides, 25 430 Uranyl metaphosphates, 25 433 Uranyl nitrate, 25 428 Uranyl perchlorate crystals, 25 429 Uranyl sulfate system, 25 429 Urban air quality, 17 814—815 Urea(s), 8 206-207... 

Another issue is local air pollution, which is also linked to fossil-fuel combustion, not least in the transport sector. Especially in the world s growing megacities, road traffic has an increasingly negative impact on urban air quality (see also Chapter 19). 

Diamante, J. M., Englar, T. S., Jr., and Jazwinski, A. H. (1976). Final Report. Phase 1. Urban Air Quality Estimation Study, Business and Technological Systems, Inc., Seabrook, Maryland. 

Half the world s population fives in urban areas in Asia. Although several attempts have been made to address air pollution in Asia, much progress needs to be made to deal with the issue of urban air quality in Asian megacities (cities with population over 10 millions). Urban air pollution in Beijing, Delhi, and Jakarta has worsened because of population growth, increased industrialization, and automobiles. The impact on public health is considerable approximately 20-30% of all respiratory diseases are associated with air pollution. 

Abstract Gaseous and particulate emissions from vehicles represent a major source of atmospheric pollution in cities. Recent research shows evidence of, along with the primary emissions from motor exhaust, important contributions from secondary (due to traffic-related organic/inorganic gaseous precursors) and primary particles due to wear and resuspension processes. Besides new and more effective (for NO emissions) technologies, non-technological measures from local authorities are needed to improve urban air quality in Europe. 

Perez N, Pey J, Cusack M, Reche C, Querol X, Alastuey A, Viana M (2010) Variability of particle number, black carbon, and PMi0, PM25, and PMj levels and speciation influence of road traffic emissions on urban air quality. Aerosol Sci Technol 44 487 -99... 

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