Stimulatory

Chemical iajections iato piae trees have been reported to have stimulatory effects on the natural production of resias and terpenes and may result ia high yields of these valuable chemicals. Combiaed oleoresin—timber production ia mixed stands of piae and timber trees is under development, and it appears that when short-rotation forestry is used, the yields of energy products and timber can be substantially higher than the yields from separate operations. 

Reproductive System. The primary PGs are intimately involved in reproductive physiology (67). PGE2 and PGP2Q, are potent contractors of the pregnant utems and intravenous infusion of either of these compounds to pregnant humans produces a dose-dependent increase in frequency and force of uterine contraction. PGI2 and TXA2 have mild relaxant and stimulatory effects, respectively, on uterine tissue. The primary PGs also play a role in parturition, ovulation, luteolysis, and lactation and have been impHcated in male infertility. 

Regulatory or allosteric enzymes like enzyme 1 are, in some instances, regulated by activation. That is, whereas some effector molecules such as F exert negative effects on enzyme activity, other effectors show stimulatory, or positive, influences on activity. 

The indazole alkaloid Nigellidine (269) (Scheme 88) which was described as a zwitterion, was detected in the seeds of Nigella saliva L. (Ranunculaceae) (95TL1993), which is an erect annual plant found in South Asia and is widely cultivated. The seeds are commonly believed to have carminative, stimulatory and diaphoretic properties (75PHA2759). An X-ray single crystal analysis was performed on the methyl chloride. It is... 

Pentylenetetrazol (188) is a drug with profound stimulatory activity on the central nervous system. As such, the agent was at one time used in shock therapy for treatment of mental disease. Although it has since been supplanted by safer methods, the agents still occupy an important role in various experimental animal models in pharmacology. Addition of hydrazine to the imino ether (186) obtained from caprolactam affords 187. Treat-... 

The number of functioning receptors controls the magnitude of the initial stimulus given to the cell by an agonist. Number of receptors on the cell surface is one means the cell can control its stimulatory environment. Thus, it is not surprising that receptor density varies with different cell types. Potentially, this can be used to control... 

In more recent times chemically defined basal media have been elaborated, on which the growth of various lactic acid bacteria is luxuriant and acid production is near-optimal. The proportions of the nutrients in the basal media have been determined which induce maximum sensitivity of the organisms for the test substance and minimize the stimulatory or inhibitory action of other nutrilites introduced with the test sample. Assay conditions have been provided which permit the attainment of satisfactory precision and accuracy in the determination of amino acids. Experimental techniques have been provided which facilitate the microbiological determination of amino acids. On the whole, microbiological procedures now available for the determination of all the amino acids except hydroxy-proline are convenient, reasonably accurate, and applicable to the assay of purified proteins, food, blood, urine, plant products, and other types of biological materials. On the other hand, it is improbable that any microbiological procedure approaches perfection and it is to be expected that old methods will be improved and new ones proposed by the many investigators interested in this problem. 

CpG stands for cytosine phosphate guanine dinucleotide in a particular sequence context. CpG motifs are responsible for proliferative effects of antisense oligonucleotides, particularly with respect to B-lymphocytes. Die optimal immune-stimulatory consensus sequence surrounding CpG is R1R2CGY1Y2, where R1 is a purine (mild preference for G), R2 is a purine or T (preference for A), and Y1 and Y2 are pyrimidines (preference for T). 

Several cytokines are in clinical use that support immune responses, such as IL-2, DFNs, or colony-stimulating factors. IL-2 supports the proliferation and effector ftmction of T-lymphocytes in immune compromised patients such as after prolonged dialysis or HIV infection. IFNs support antiviral responses or antitumoral activities of phagocytes, NK cells, and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. Colony-stimulatory factors enforce the formation of mature blood cells from progenitor cells, e.g., after chemo- or radiotherapy (G-CSF to generate neutrophils, TPO to generate platelets, EPO to generate erythrocytes). 

Immunomodulators are a group of mostly stimulatory effectors which act on cells of the immune system (e.g. cytokines, interferons). 

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