Upper Respiratory Tract Tumors

Surface lining cells CK 7 +, EMA +, TTF-1 +, Surfactant +, CD15 +/-, CK5/6 -, CK20 Vimentin —, Calretinin —, Estrogen and progesterone receptors — 

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P>[a P has been carcinogenic in all animal species tested to date, including mouse, rat, hamster, rabbit, guinea pig, duck, newt, dog, monkey, and fish. Intratracheal instillation and inhalation studies in a number of species have resulted in elevated incidences of respiratory tract and upper digestive tract tumors, and intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injections... 

Toxicology. Tetrahydrofaran (THF) is an upper respiratory tract irritant at high concentrations it is a central nervous system depressant it causes liver tumors in female mice. 

Acute respiratory exposure of seven workers to 70-80 mgm" of antimony trichloride, SbCl3, resulted in irritation of the upper respiratory tract. Antimony pentachloride, SbCl5, caused severe pulmonary edema in three cases, two of them being lethal Completed inhalation studies have demonstrated that inhalation of antimony trioxide induces lung tumors in female rats. ... 

Rats exposed to tobacco-derived nitrosamines developed tumors at the nose, mouth, esophagus, lung, and pancreas. Tobacco-derived nitrosamines caused upper respiratory tract cancers in exposed hamsters. 

Studies of animals exposed for life to formaldehyde in air or drinking water also show that formaldehyde primarily damages tissue at portals-of-entry (i.e., the upper respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract) evidence for toxic effects at distant sites is less consistent. Replicated inhalation studies have shown that formaldehyde induced malignant nasal tumors in rats at high exposure concentrations (10-15 ppm) that also induced nasal epithelial necrosis and cellular proliferation, but not at lower concentrations (0.3-2 ppm) that did not markedly damage nasal epithelial tissue (Albert et al. 1982 ... 

These results have led to the ongoing development of, for each of these species, anatomical models of nasal airflow and uptake, pharmacokinetic models for nasal tissue metabolism, and pharmacodynamic models of development of tumors and preneoplastic tissue changes to be applied to the rodent data to better estimate air levels that will present minimal risks for upper respiratory tract damage in humans (CUT 1998 Cohen Hubal et al. 1997 Conolly et al. 1992 Conolly and Andersen 1993 Kepler et al. 1998 Kimbell et al. 1993, 1997a, 1997b Morgan 1997 Morgan et al. 1991 Subramaniam et al. 1998). 

Tetrafluoro-ethylene (TFE) (CF2=F2) Causes acute effects when inhaled, including irritation of upper respiratory tract and eyes, mild depression of central nervous system, nausea and vomiting, and dry cough. Massive inhalation produces cardiac arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, and death. A study by National Toxicology Program has reported kidney and liver tumors in rats and mice, which had exposed to hfetime inhalation of TFE. Relationship to human response has not been established. An exposure limit of 5ppm has been established by fluoropolymer producers. 

HUMAN HEALTH RISKS Acute Risks demiatitis burns coughing laryngitis headaches nausea destructive to mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract, eyes and skin chemical pneumonitis pulmonary edema Chronic Risks chronic bronchitis tumors cancer. 

HUMAN HEALTH RISKS EPA group C possible human carcinogen Acute Risks destructive to mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract irritation to skin and eyes Chronic Risks tumors effects on blood, liver, kidneys and CNS. 

HUMAN HEALTH RISKS Inhalation human TCLo 96 ppm for 7 hours EPA Group B2/C probable human carcinogen Acute Risks irritation of eyes, upper respiratory tract and skin flushing of face and neck dizziness headache CNS effects anesthetic effects coordination impairment kidney dysfunction death Chronic Effects memory and concentration impairment cardiac arrhythmia menstrual disorders spontaneous abortions kidney effects tumors. 

Toxicology LDLo (oral, rat) 500 mg/kg irritating to eyes, skin, mucous membranes, upper respiratory tract may be harmful by inh., ing., skin absorp. may cause liver tumors tumorigen, carcinogen TSCA listed Precaution Probably combustible incompat. with strong oxidizing agents Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Toxic fumes of CO, CO2, NOx emits toxic fumes underfire conditions... 

Traditional use An infusion and decoction of the leaves and flowers are used as an expectorant and cough suppressant, to treat bronchial asthma, as well as a diuretic to treat edema and scrofula. It is applied externally as a poultice or wash to treat tumors, abscesses, and furuncles. Juice from fresh leaves and roots is used to treat tuberculosis and malaria, and as a choleretic and diaphoretic (Khatmatov et al. 1984). Leaves are used to treat acute and chronic bronchitis, catarrh of the upper respiratory system, pneumonia, laryngitisis, bronchial pneumonia, and a hoarse voice. Preparations of coltsfoot are used to treat tracheitis, kidney and bladder diseases, the gastrointestinal tract, loss of appetite, fever, erysipelatous skin inflammation, scrofula, hair loss, and abscesses. Fresh juice from the leaves is inhaled into the nostrils to eliminate sinns colds. The juice of leaves is also mixed with powdered sugar to treat tuberculosis (Maznev 2004). 

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