Unsolvable problems concept

Theoretical considerations based upon a molecular approach to solvation are not yet very sophisticated. As in the case of ionic solvation, but even more markedly, the connection between properties of liquid mixtures and models on the level of molecular colculations is, despite all the progress made, an essentially unsolved problem. Even very crude approximative approaches utilizing for example the concept of pairwise additivity of intermolecular forces are not yet tractable, simply because extended potential hypersurfaces of dimeric molecular associations are lacking. A complete hypersurface describing the potential of two diatomics has already a dimensionality of six In this light, it is clear that advanced calculations are limited to very basic aspects of intermolecular interactions,... 

We note here that gel is a coherent solid because its structure is characterized by a polymer network, and hence, the above theoretical considerations on crystalline alloys should be applicable to gels without essential alteration. It is expected that the curious features of the first-order transition of NIPA gels will be explained within the concept of the coherent phase equilibrium if the proper calculation of the coherent energy and the elastic energy of the gel network is made. This may be one of the most interesting unsolved problems related to the phase transitions of gels. 

Some of the unsolved problems in contemporary electrodynamics draw attention to deeper (more profound) evidence, new ideas and new theories or equations. The aim of this historical introduction is to find the deeper evidence and new basic concepts and connections. The guiding principle is the investigation of light propagation. 

Hence, the further development of quantitative copolymerization theory, as it ensues from the above-mentioned unsolved problems, is connected with the consideration of physical factors, along with chemical ones, which have a direct influence on process rate and statistical characteristics of the forming products. The future success in such a direction will be connected obviously with the unification of the ideas of chemical copolymerization theory, presented in this review, with the modern concepts of statistical physics both of macromolecules and copolymer solutions. 

The great diversity of concepts and synkinetic structures which have been realized within the last decade and which is partly represented in this volume, suggests that all kinds of membranes are accessible asymmetric, as thin as 2.0 nm, helical, porous, fluid or solid, chiral on the surface or in the centre, photoreactive etc. etc. This diversity will inevitably grow. A few obvious unsolved problems which need immediate attention can also be detailed e.g. synkinesis of solid micelles and vesicles from concave molecules with at least four hydrogen bonding sites, co-crystallization of porphyrins with solid membrane structures, and evaluation of nanopores as catalytic sites. Many more such target assemblies will undoubtedly be envisioned and successfully syn-kinetized. 

The mechanisms of acid-catalyzed DME formation from methanol and aromatiza-tion of olefins were widely investigated in the years before the discovery of the methanol-to-gasoline reaction. There is a consensus that the intermediate in DME formation from methan.ol over solid acid catalysts is a protonated surface methoxyl, which is subject to nucleophilic attack by methanol [2]. Aroma-tization of olefins is believed to proceed along classical carbenium pathways, with concurrent hydrogen transfer [3]. The mechanism of the crucial step of initial C-C bond formation from MeOH/DME is an unsolved problem, however, and is the subject of ongoing controversy. At last tally, there were some two dozen mechanistic proposals in the literature. It is not possible here to present a comprehensive review of the entire field. However, a number of common themes can be identified. This commonality is discussed and the concepts currently in vogue are critically reviewed. Another issue, whether ethylene is the "first" olefin, has been widely debated [2], but is beyond the scope of this survey. 

A few advanced solid fuel concepts were considered in this study to indicate some of the improvements that might obtained in reactor design or operation. There are no operating data for these fuel forms,. so only the perceived advantages of each fuel form considered are briefly presented. The feasibility of the fabrication of these advanced fuel forms was assumed mostly on the basis of the known feasibility of the fabrication of similar systems. Liquid fuel forms, such as molten salts, were also considered, but the containment of these highly corrosive materials was considered to be a major unsolved problem that would significantly delay their u.se in plutonium burning. 

There must be dissatisfaction with the existing conceptions. Scientists and students are unlikely to make major changes in their concepts until they believe that less radical changes will not work. Thus, before an accommodation can occur it is reasonable to suppose that individuals must have collected a store of unsolved puzzles or anomalies and lost faith in the ability of their current concepts to solve these problems. 

Concept The basic concept is to study cell biological phenomena with an approach originating from organic chemistry. Based on structural information available for a given biological phenomenon unsolved chemical problems are identified and new synthetic pathways and methods are developed. This new chemistry then is used to synthesize tools for subsequent biological investigations. If... 

But chaos is more than a tool. There are as yet unsolved philosophical problems in its wake. While relativity and quantum mechanics necessitated - and in fact originated from - a careful analysis of the concepts of space, time and measurement, chaos, already on the classical level, forces us to re-think the concepts of determinism and predictability. Thus, classical mechanics could not be further removed from the dusty subject it is usually portrayed as. On the contrary it is at the forefront of modern scientific research. Since path integrals provide a link between classical and quantum mechanics, conceptual and philosophical problems with classical mechanics are bound to manifest themselves on the quantum level. We are only at the beginning of a thorough exploration of these questions. But one fact is established already chaos has a profound in-fiuence on the quantum mechanics of atoms and molecules. This book presents some of the most prominent examples. 

The real problem is the interpretation of the physical nature of the Arrhenius parameters and their interrelation under var3dng experimental conditions. In particular, an explanation needs to be provided for the increase in both of these parameters in the presence of an excess of gaseous product in the reactor. In the framework of traditional representations this problem remains unsolved. In particular, the transition state theory characterizes the A and E parameters as independent parameters. As compared to this approach, the CDV concept has evident advantages. 

Now, the absent-minded chemical engineer or the one who is not strictly clear about the degrees-of-freedom concept (the one who does not know at all about the degree-of-freedom-concept will be in even worse condition) will count as follows I have six unknowns, I have four mass balance relations, and two extra relations = —8 and = 14 ), then the degree of freedom is equal to zero and the problem is solvable This is completely wrong = —8 and tig = 14 are not two independent relations and the problem is still not solvable. The reader should try to solve it to see why it is unsolvable. 

---