United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration

U.S. Patent Appl. 345458, 1984 Hansen, K.C. Yaws, C. L. (United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Chem. Abstr. 1984, 700, 88140. 

The Mars Pathfinder probe landed on Mars on July 4,1997. Pathfinder was second in the Discovery series of robotic spacecraft, which the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) began to develop in the mid 1990s. Costing an average of 150 million per project, the Discovery shift to faster, cheaper, less-ambitious probes was prompted by the catastrophic failure in 1993 of the 1-billion Mars Observer mission. Pathfinder was the third spacecraft ever to land successfully on Mars NASA s Viking I and Viking II spacecraft... 

FIGURE 1 Aristotle s Four Elements and Their Qualities. Aristotle hypothesized that the four basic elements arose from the initial chaos under the influence of four fundamental qualities of matter hot, cold, wet, and dry. The central image representing the initial chaos is taken from a United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) photograph of the heart of the Crab Nebula, as viewed by the Hubble Telescope in 1995. The Crab Nebula was first viewed from earth in the year 1054, as recorded by Chinese astronomers. Rock paintings by Native Americans show that they also observed its appearance. Actually, the Crab Nebula was a giant star that exploded as a supernova. The variations in color are caused by chemical elements, created during the life and the explosion of the star. Modern-day astronomers believe that the chemical elements in the earth and in our bodies were made by the explosion of stars billions of years ago. Earth. A Air. A Fire. Water. (D.N.Sherwood)... 

Organizational behavior-United States-Case studies. 4. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. I. Starbuck, William H., 1934-II. Farjoun, Moshe. 

The fuel eell is a nineteenth eentuiy invention in the twentieth eentury it heeame the heart of an eleetroehemical power plant and power souree, whieh is now in a stage of advaneed technology development. Its first and only applieation since the early 1960s, has been as an auxiliary power souree for spaee flights by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). During the past decade, development for terrestrial (eivihan and defense) applieations has led to its commercialization and research on utilization in a variety of applications. Programs in the United States, Japan, Europe, and some other eoimtries are focused on the development of fuel cell power plant/power sources for (1) base-load,... 

It might be expected that EN via tubes would have been used widely before the development of parenteral nutrition (PN) however, this was not actually the case. EN via tubes inserted down the mouth or nose into the stomach and also via rectal tubes was used occasionally in the decades before the development of PN in the 1960s.1 However, modern techniques for enteral access, both the placement of the tubes themselves and the materials for making pliable, comfortable tubes, had not yet been developed. Before the PN era, the formulas delivered by the tube route often were blenderized foods. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration effort in the United States in the 1960s led to the development of low-residue (monomeric) diets for astronauts. These diets were adapted for use in sick patients requiring EN. Nonvolitional feedings in patients who cannot meet nutritional requirements by oral intake thus include EN and PN these techniques are collectively known as specialized nutrition support (SNS). 

Research in the areas of high temperature chemistry, fluorine chemistry, optical and mass spectroscopy and thermodynamics has been supported at Rice University by the United States Atomic Energy Commission, by the US. Army Research Office (Durham), by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, by the Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical Society and by the Robert A. Welch Foundation. Liquid helium for low temperature nock was provided through arrangements with the U.S. offices of Naval Research. 

Assignee United States of America as Represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Washington, DC)... 

The uniqueness of HO-tracer reactivity has led several groups to infer local ambient HO concentrations by measuring the production of a characteristic HO-tracer reaction product, as discussed later in the chapter. The development of HO determination techniques has been supported in the United States by the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Jointly, these agencies have periodically sponsored workshops to discuss the current status of technique development. These conferences have resulted in assessment documents on a regular basis (68-70). 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) —The United States government agency responsible for developing and managing space ex-... 

U.S. Standard Atmosphere 1976. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and United States Air Force, Washington, D.C., 1976. 

Our laboratory has recently been selected by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as one of its two national centers of excellence in separation science. This has given us an opportunity to broaden our efforts towards the advancement of all modes of electrophoresis for large scale processing. Thus, our Center has been chosen by European manufacturers as the demonstration site for the United States of two unique electrophoretic instruments. 

The research described in this publication was carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, and was sponsored by the United States Department of Energy through an agreement with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 

C.-H. Chuang. Solvent free low-melt viscosity imide ohgonaers and thermosetting polyimide composites. US Patent 7015304, assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (Washington, DC) N/A (, March 21, 2006. 

One of the most successful thermoplastic polyimides has been LARC-TPI, developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the United States. The polymer is commercially available. Table 3 shows some of the very reasonable properties obtained from this adhesive. As indicated, the abihty both to maintain mechanical properties at elevated temperatures and indeed retain mechanical integrity for long periods of time are clearly apparent. 

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) lists more than 2,000 apphcations and products on its spin-off database. These spin-offs from space research contribute to national security, the economy, productivity, and lifestyle not only in the United States but also throughout the world. These spin-offs are so numerous and ubiquitous that people are scarcely aware of them and too often take them for granted. Below is a sampling of those specifically related to Mars research, many of which were developed in response to areological studies of Martian surface conditions. 

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