United Kingdom method

The fiscal system set by the host government determines the method by which the host nation claims its entitlement to income from the production and sale of hydrocarbons. The simplest fiscal system is the tax and royalty scheme, such as that applied to income from production in the UKCS (United Kingdom Continental Shelf). 

Methods Exam. Waters Assoc. Math 1988, United Kingdom Dept, of the Environment Chem. Abstr. 108, 197583v (1988). 

Mechanical Cake Removal. This method is used in the American version of the dynamic filter described under cross-flow filtration with rotating elements, where turbine-type rotors are used to limit the cake thickness at low speeds. The Exxflow filter, introduced in the United Kingdom, is described in more detail under cross-flow filtration in porous pipes. It uses, among other means, a roUer cleaning system which periodically roUs over a curtain of flexible pipes and dislodges any cake on the inside of the pipes. The cake is then flushed out of the curtain by the internal flow. 

LPC Processes. Process development for LPC production dates from the United Kingdom and Hungary from 1920—1940 (89,90). Table 9 presents some of the processing methods that are used or under development in the 1990s. 

Ma.nufa.cture. Nickel carbonyl can be prepared by the direct combination of carbon monoxide and metallic nickel (77). The presence of sulfur, the surface area, and the surface activity of the nickel affect the formation of nickel carbonyl (78). The thermodynamics of formation and reaction are documented (79). Two commercial processes are used for large-scale production (80). An atmospheric method, whereby carbon monoxide is passed over nickel sulfide and freshly reduced nickel metal, is used in the United Kingdom to produce pure nickel carbonyl (81). The second method, used in Canada, involves high pressure CO in the formation of iron and nickel carbonyls the two are separated by distillation (81). Very high pressure CO is required for the formation of cobalt carbonyl and a method has been described where the mixed carbonyls are scmbbed with ammonia or an amine and the cobalt is extracted as the ammine carbonyl (82). A discontinued commercial process in the United States involved the reaction of carbon monoxide with nickel sulfate solution. 

Although a number of low temperature processes have been studied, only a few have been used commercially. These have been limited in the types of coal that are acceptable, and the by-products are less valuable than those obtained from high temperature processing. The Disco process is used in the United States to supply a limited amount of fuel to meet requirements of smoke ordinances. The British CoaUte and Rexco processes produced substantial amounts of domestic smokeless fuel. Development of fluid-bed methods of carbonizing finer coal at ca 400°C has been studied in the United Kingdom. A reactive char is briquetted without a binder to produce a premium open-fire smokeless fuel. 

Unfortunately, there is no right or wrong way to value inventoiy, although certain methods are not allowed in certain countries for tax-assessment purposes. For example, LIFO is not allowed in the United Kingdom. As a general rule, the method used should be the one that gives the lowest tax hability. However, it is generally accepted that consistency is also a virtue in inventoiy valuation. 

Thomas, L.C. and Chamberlin, G.J., Colorimetric Chemical Analytical Methods . Tintometer Ltd, Salisbury, United Kingdom, 1980. 

Methods of test for coffee and coffee products. Part 12. Coffee determination of caffeine content (routine method by HPLC), British Standards Institution, United Kingdom, British-Standard, BS 5752 Part 12, 1992. 

The recognised body in the United Kingdom for the preparation of specifications for quality, performance or dimensions, methods of test, definitions and symbols, codes of practice, etc. British Standards are prepared under the guidance of representative committees and are widely circulated before they are authorised for publication. BSI co-operates in preparing international standards for rubber and plastics through ISO/TC45 and ISO/TC61 respectively. See ISO. 

Haylock MR, Cawley GC, Harpham C, Wilby RL, Goodess CM (2006) Downscaling heavy precipitation over the United Kingdom a comparison of dynamical and statistical methods and their future scenarios. Int J Climatol 26 1397-1415... 

Copaux A method for extracting beryllium from beryl. The ore is heated with sodium flu-orosilicate at 850°C. Leaching with water dissolves the beryllium fluoride, leaving the silica and most of the aluminum fluoride as an insoluble residue. Addition of sodium hydroxide precipitates beryllium as the hydroxide. The process was invented by H. Copaux and has been in use in France since 1915 and in the United Kingdom since World War II. 

As the protective barrier between the body and the external environment, the skin is exposed to potentially damaging chemicals on a daily basis. It has been estimated that approximately 80,000 chemicals are in common use worldwide [5] and new products are being continuously introduced. Chemical production for most countries increased in 2004 with an increase in the total production index for all chemicals of 2.9% in the United States, 4.3% in the United Kingdom, and 6.8% in Canada [6], As new products are being developed and chemical production increases, toxicologists are faced with the need to develop improved methods for evaluating the potential of these chemicals to induce contact dermatitis. 

Manly, B. F. J. Multivariate Statistical Methods A Primer. Chapman Hall, London, United Kingdom, 2000. 

In order to harmonize an odor measurement technique, national guidelines or recommendations from Germany, France, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom are compared with respect to selection and treatment of panelists. Different methods of mathematical treatment of threshold data are also presented. 

Olfactory sensitivity for one individual varies about factor three due to climatological, physiological, environmental reaons etc. The sensory sensitivity also varies from odorant to odorant. So it is difficult to select a panel with a sensitivity distribution similar to that of the population. The preferred method in the United Kingdom for screening panelists uses the actual odor to be tested as a key component. In France selection is carried out on the basis of the threshold for five standard odorants. In Germany a normal sense of smell is requested of persons between the age of 18 and 50 years, in the Netherlands no exact specifications are given. Anyway, an extreme clustering around the mean or towards the extremes has to be avoided. 

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