Unit-dose dispenser

Most unit-dose dispensers accommodate solution volumes ranging from 0.1 to 0.6 ml. Because these solutions are unpreserved, they are designed for short-term use (not exceeding 12 hours), after which the unit is discarded. 

In hospitals and long-term cate units, unit-dose packages ate used mote and mote. This system aHows better control of the dispensed dmgs in institutional settings and precludes the dispensing of larger numbers of doses than needed. 

There are three general types of radiopharmaceuticals elemental radionucHdes or simple compounds, radionucHde complexes, and radiolabeled biologically active molecules. Among the first type are radionucHdes in their elemental form such as Kr and Xe or Xe, and simple aqueous radionucHde solutions such as or I-iodide, Tl-thaUous chloride, Rb-mbidium(I) chloride [14391-63-0] Sr-strontium(II) chloride, and Tc-pertechnetate. These radiopharmaceuticals are either used as obtained from the manufacturer in a unit dose, ie, one dose for one patient, or dispensed at the hospital from a stock solution that is obtained as needed from a chromatographic generator provided by the manufacturer. 

Nasal drug delivery devices can be divided into multidose and unit-dose/bi-dose systems. Multidose systems consist of a container mounted with a mechanical pump dispenser that is designed to deliver multiple doses from one container (Fig. 1). The various requirements of the customer and of the formulation are respected in the design and performance of the delivery systems. Unit-dose and bi-dose systems are becoming increasingly attractive to the pharmaceutical industry. In particular, therapies that require precise performance in their delivery system employ these single/ dual-use disposable systems. 

Referring to the key words of nasal delivery systems—reliability, safety, and efficacy— the unit-dose and bi-dose dispensing systems meet these demands to the highest degree. In addition, these attributes are a... 

For delicate drug formulations, the industry offers a modified unit-dose system. The lyophilized ingredi-ent(s) are stored separately from the solvent. Prior to administration, the drug formulation is reconstituted and ready to be dispensed. 

The unit dose package contains the unit dose reservoir and an array of laser drilled nozzles, and the reservoir and nozzle array are connected with a heat seal that allows the formulation to flow from the reservoir to the nozzle after the seal is ruptured. The piston assembly consists of a motor, a piston, and a cam, which compresses the unit dose packet to extrude the drug under pressure through the nozzle array to produce aerosols suitable for inhalation. The AERx also has internal electronic monitoring, which measures the patient s inspiratory flow rate as a function of time of inspiration and triggers the dispensing of the dose at a predetermined inspiratory flow rate and time for... 

An extra fee will not be charged for unit doses (single dispensing pack) versions of products provided they have already been approved in a large pack-size. This was done at the request of the hospitcd pharmacists to encourage companies to market unit doses because hospital pharmacists deliver on unit basis rather than on a pack basis. 

Hospital pharmacy is a discipline in permanent transition. In Fig. 1, activities conducted by hospital pharmacists as well as the number of hospital pharmacists in Spain from 1955 are presented. Originally, hospital pharmacists were responsible for management and delivery of stocks of drugs to the wards. Since then the role of the pharmacist has evolved to include a more rational dispensing system (unit-dose delivery) and clinical activities and pharmaceutical care. 

Drug dispensing/distribution is one of the m.ain clinical activities of Spanish hospital pharmacists. Many studies have shown that the unit-dose distribution system has reduced drug errors, and it is one of the main contributions of the hospital pharmacy to patient care. Pharmacist participation in medical rounds and presence at the time of prescription can result in even better patient care and a prompter detection of treatment failures. - " Such clinical pharmacy activity is being conducted with some groups of patients in some Spanish hospitals - and is becoming more frequent. 

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