UNDP

WHO Thirteenth Program Report UNDP/World Bank/World Health Organization program for research and training in tropical diseases (1997) Geneva... 

United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report 2007/2008— Fighting Climate Change Human Solidarity in a Divided World. UNDP 2008, p. 186. 

ALGAS. Asia least-cost greenhouse gas abatement strategy India, ADB-GEF-UNDP, Asian Development Bank and United Nations Development Programme, Manila, the Philippines, 1998, pp. 238. 

WEA (2000). Chapter 5 Energy resources. In World Energy Assessment. Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability, ed. Goldemberg, J., New York United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), World Energy Council (WEC). 

UNDP, WEC and UND ESA (2000). World Energy Assessment. New York UNDP. 

World Energy Assessment Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability United Nations, New York, 2000 (http // www.undp.org/energy/activities/wea/ draft-start.html). 

Renewable energy sonrces such as wind, solar, biomass and hydropower are important today, and they will be important in the future. Table 1.1 shows the global primary energy consnmption as shares of 10.2 gigatons of oil equivalent (Gtoe) by energy sonrce in 2002 (UNDP, 2004). 

Table 1.2 World eleetrieity production per energy source for 2002 (shares of 15.476 TWh). Adapted from UNDP (2004)...

EJ for all other renewables (UNDP, 2004). RES are readily available in nature. Increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gasses increase the amount of heat trapped (or decrease the heat radiated from the Earth s surface), thereby raising the surface temperature of the Earth. 

Nuclear energy has been used to produce electricity for more than half a century. Worldwide, nuclear energy accounts for 6% of energy and 16% of electricity, and 23% in OECD countries (UNDP, 2004). OECD countries prodnce almost 55% of the world s uranium. The global nuclear energy consumption increased rapidly from 0.1% in 1970 to 7.4% in 1998. This increase was especially high in the 1980s. 

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). 2004. World Energy Assessment 2004 Energy and the Challenge of Sustainability. UNDP, New York. 

Renewable resources are more evenly distributed than fossil and nuclear resources, and energy flows from renewable resources are more than three orders of magnitude higher than current global energy use. Today s energy system is unsustainable because of equity issues as well as environmental, economic, and geopolitical concerns that have implications far into the future (UNDP, 2000). 

Renewable energy sources or renewables contributed 2% of the world s energy consumption in 1998, including 7 exajoules (EJ) from modem biomass and 2 EJ for all other renewables (UNDP, 2000). The renewables are clean or inexhaustible and primary energy resources. Renewable technologies like water and wind power probably would not have provided the same fast increase in industrial productivity as fossil fuels (Edinger and Kaul, 2000). 

BOD, biochemical oxygen demand COD, chemical oxygen demand. Courtesy of MNES and UNDP India websites. Ref. 14. 

Netherlands Purac AB, Sweden. Courtesy of UNDP India website, Ref. 6. 

R — Reactor VLR (volumetric loading rate) expressed as COD/m /day T — Ton. Courtesy of UNDP India website, Ref. 6. 

The seven Participating Organizations of the lOMC are FAO, ILO, OECD, UNEP, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), and WHO. In addition, two observer organizations are also participating in the lOMC, namely the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank aOMC 2006). 

UNDP (2009). Human Development Report. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Washington, DC. http //hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2009/ (Accessed on September 6,2010). 

Giggenbach, W. F. 1991. Chemical techniques in geothermal exploration. In D Amore F. (ed) Application of Geochemistry in Geothermal Reservoir Development. UNITAR/UNDP Centre on Small Energy Resources, Rome, 119-144. 

Dickson, M. H. Faneli.i, M. (eds) 1990. Small Geothermal Resources — A Guide to Development and Utilization. UNITAR/UNDP Centre on Small Energy Resources, Rome/ltaly, 274 p. 

Diseases listed are those targeted by the WHO, UNICEF, UNDP special program for research and training in tropical disease (www.who.int/tdr)... 

The UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Program for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) was established in 1975 in response to appeals from countries where neglected diseases are endemic. TDR addresses ten tropical diseases African trypanosomiasis, dengue, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, tuberculosis, Chagas disease, leprosy, lymphatic filariasis, and onchocerciasis. Its mission is ... 

There are already serious questions about the relevance and suitability of TRIPS minimum IP standards for developing countries (CIPR 2002 UNDP 2003). The gross inflation of these standards in "free trade" agreements severely limit national strategies to provide affordable medicines and limits market access for generic medicines, irrespective of the country s level of development or disease burden. These practices not only raise serious ethical concerns, but also sharply curtail country capacity to realize the right to health for all. 

United Nations Development Program (UNDP). 2003. Making Global Trade Work for People. New York UNDP. 

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