Unambiguous writing

Audience and Purpose Concise Writing 584 Fluid Writing 586 Formal Vocabulary 588 Hedging 590 Nominalizations 594 Respectively 597 Unambiguous Writing 599 Writing Conventions... 

First, we need a common, unambiguous manner of writing how a laminate is specified to be laid-up, i.e., stacking-sequence notation. Then, quasi-isotropic, balanced, and hybrid laminates are defined. 

It is now known that the view of electrons in individual well-defined quantum states represents an approximation. The new quantum mechanics formulated in 1926 shows unambiguously that this model is strictly incorrect. The field of chemistry continues to adhere to the model, however. Pauli s scheme and the view that each electron is in a stationary state are the basis of the current approach to chemistry teaching and the electronic account of the periodic table. The fact that Pauli unwittingly contributed to the retention of the orbital model, albeit in modified form, is somewhat paradoxical in view of his frequent criticism of the older Bohr orbits model. For example Pauli writes,... 

To be unambiguous when using moles, we must be specific about which entities (that is, which atoms, molecules, formula units, or ions) we mean. For example, hydrogen occurs naturally as a gas, with each molecule built from two atoms, which is why it is denoted H2. We write 1 mol H if we mean hydrogen atoms or 1 mol H2 if we mean hydrogen molecules. Note that 1 mol H2 corresponds to 2 mol H. 

These five guidelines allow us to figure out the frameworks of many compounds from their chemical formulas. When the guidelines do not provide an unambiguous framework, however, we need additional stmctural information. For example, the chemical formula of benzene is Cg Hg. The guidelines tell us that the six H atoms are in outer positions but provide no help in deducing the rest of the connections. In fact, there are several possible frameworks for the chemical formula Cg Hg. We must be told that the six C atoms of benzene form a ring, with one H bonded to each C, before we can write the framework for this molecule. 

Since in many cases it is not possible to unambiguously separate hydrogen from anion adsorption processes, it is convenient to write another equation similar to (7.7) for the charge density corresponding to anion adsorption on the free Pt sites ... 

The expression in Equation (3.6) is really a.partial differential the value of U depends on both T and V, the values of which are connected via Equation (1.13). Accordingly, we need to keep one variable constant if we are unambiguously to attribute changes in Cy to the other. The two subscript V terms tell us C is measured while maintaining the volume constant. When the derivative is a partial derivative, it is usual to write... 

An invariant, like a postcondition, is written by following the links from a given starting point. The invariants are described informally and are written in a simple language of Boolean conditions and set relationships. Again, their power lies in the ability they give you to write unambiguous statements about abstract descriptions. 

Sometimes we ve come across a team busily engaged in writing a thick document that contains miles and miles of formally structured action specs. This is a write-only document, and it is likely to be a work of fiction by the time it is finished. Formal notation (pictures and formal text) is good at being unambiguous pictures, in particular, are good at explaining complex relationships that would be difficult to get hold of in ordinary narrative. 

The exercise of writing a type spec in an unambiguous language always raises issues that are relatively inexpensive to debate at this stage. In our experience, the more precision you aim for, the more questions you raise and the more gaps you fix. 

Material balances can be written for moieties which are conserved during the reaction, such as the atoms of a particular element or the total charge, or for reactant or product species if the stoichiometry is unambiguous. Oxidation-reduction reactions may be particularly troublesome. In the following situation, for example, one cannot write a material balance relating protons to water molecules. Consider the oxidation of O2 to H2O and the equilibrium dissociation of I O. 

Numerous word pairs are commonly confused by writers. The confusion often stems from similar pronunciations or spellings. For example, the words affect and effect sound similar, so they are often used incorrectly, confusing the reader. Using the correct word and spelling promote unambiguous communication. In chemistry writing, affect and effect are typically used as follows ... 

Masamune s descriptors syn and anti, appealing because of their conformity with modern customs of writing formulas, are currently widely in use. But, assuming they are used according to definition, they suffer from exactly the same fundamental limitations as c-erythrojc-threo or any other soft descriptor. Unfortunately, Masamune did not exhaust the area of an unambiguous soft description by restricting the simply defined models to C-C(HX)-C(HY)-C rather than C —C(XY) —C(XZ) —C (see Table 10). 

Here a,j and Cjk are the weights of the wave functions for two pure coupling schemes. If wave functions (12.6) and (12.7) have the same eigenvalues (this is the case, if we consider in different coupling schemes the matrix elements of one and the same Hamiltonian, e.g., (1.16)), then we can find the unambiguous correspondence between them, i.e. with the accuracy of the phase multiplier (which we choose here to be equal to one) we can write... 

Many other reports have been published, demonstrating spontaneous deracemization in N [65, 66], SmA [67], and other phases [68]. In most cases the existence of conglomerates was concluded by direct chiral domain observations by decrossing polarizers. To confirm deracemization unambiguously, additional methods have to be applied. In some cases, an electric field promotes deracemization [69], Because of time and ability, I have particularly focused on my own works. I am sure that there are many other important works which could not even be cited in this chapter. I hope to write again on the subject, next time including comprehensive works related to chirality in LCs. 

There is a methodical way to unambiguously name compounds and write their chemical formulas. 

The linear relation GC°=T observed in Fig. 12 is not sufficient evidence that would unambiguously support Eq. (6) and reveal the interfacial nature of the transition, because a bulk phenomenon may also produce such a temperature dependence. For instance, one might think of melt fracture and write down oc=Gyc that would be independent of Mw where yc would correspond to the critical effective strain for cohesive failure and modulus G would be proportional to kBT. Previous experimental studies [9,32] lack the required accuracy to detect any systematic dependence of oc on Mw and T. This has led to pioneers such as Tordella [9] to overlook the interfacial origin of spurt flow of LPE. It is in this sense that our discovery of an explicit molecular weight and temperature dependence of oc and of the extrapolation length bc is critical. The temperature dependence has been discussed in Sect. 7.1. We will focus on the Mw dependence of the transition characteristics. 

Every writer has a personal style, but all good writing tends to observe guidelines and conventions that communicate meaning clearly and exactly to readers. Scientific writing, in particular, must be precise and unambiguous to be effective. 

Although the total number of valence electrons in a molecule is easily calculated, there is sometimes no simple and unambiguous way of determining how many reside in a particular bond or as non-bonding pair on a particular atom. For example, one can write valid Lewis octet structures for carbon monoxide showing either a double or triple bond between the two atoms, depending on how many nonbonding pairs are placed on each ... 

If you work for any length of time in the laboratory you will rapidly acquire a large number of spectra. It is important that you keep these safe and in proper order, with an unambiguous cross-referencing system so that you (and anyone else) can locate the spectra or measurements which apply to the product of a particular experiment (see Chapter 3 for detailed advice on this). Spectra are best kept in clearly labelled folders or binders of some description, preferably ones which allow for removable attachment of the spectra. The other data should be recorded in the laboratory notebook along with the experimental write up. If data sheets are used then all the data should be recorded on these as they are measured. 

The two forms of rates introduced in Eq. (2.1-2) should be carefully distinguished. The net molar rate of production of chemical species i is designated by a subscripted Roman letter R, whereas the net frequency of reaction event j is designated by a subscripted calligraphic letter TZj. Some practice in writing R and TZ is advised to express each rate type unambiguously. 

Your main aim in developing a scientific style should be to get your message across directly and unambiguously. While you can try to achieve this through a set of rules (see Box 50.1), you may find other requirements driving your writing in a contradictory direction. For instance, the need to be accurate and complete may result in text littered with technical terms, and the flow may be continually interrupted by references to the literature. The need to be succinct... 

If we do write F in two terms, the second question is whether F ° (el) is positive or negative. The answer is again unambiguous F lel) < 0 because the double layer forms spontaneously. The sign of the contribution of r(el) to 7t can be inferred from [3.4.151 mostly it is positive, depending on the way in which charge and potential are related. 

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