Ultrasound-assisted extraction method

Londono-Londono J, Rodrigues de Lima V, Lara O, Gil A, Pasa TBC, Arango GJ, Pineda JRR (2009) Clean recovery of antioxidant flavonoids from citrus peel optimizing an aqueous ultrasound-assisted extraction method. J Food Chem. doi 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.05.075... 

Lavilla, I., P. Vilas, J. Millos, and C. Bendicho. 2006. Development of an ultrasound-assisted extraction method for biomonitoring of vanadium and nickel in the coastal environment under the influence of the Prestige fuel spill (North east Atlantic Ocean). Anal. Chim. Acta 577 119-125. 

Londono-Londono, J. de Lima, V.R. Lara, O. Gil, A. Beatriz, T. Pasa, C. Arango, G.J. Pineda, J.R.R. Clean recovery of antioxidant flavonoids from citrus peel Optimizing na aqueous ultrasound-assisted extraction method. Food Chem. v. 119, p. 81-87, 2010. 

General trends are focused on reduced-solvent extractions or adsorption-based methods — enviromnentaUy friendly solvents for both solid and liquid samples. In recent decades, advanced techniques like supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), ° pressurized liquid extraction (PLE)," microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction, countercurrent continued extraction (www.niroinc.com), solid... 

In liquid-solid extraction (LSE) the analyte is extracted from the solid by a liquid, which is separated by filtration. Numerous extraction processes, representing various types and levels of energy, have been described steam distillation, simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction (SDE), passive hot solvent extraction, forced-flow leaching, (automated) Soxh-let extraction, shake-flask method, mechanically agitated reflux extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, y -ray-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), microwave-enhanced extraction (Soxwave ), microwave-assisted process (MAP ), gas-phase MAE, enhanced fluidity extraction, hot (subcritical) water extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), supercritical assisted liquid extraction, pressurised hot water extraction, enhanced solvent extraction (ESE ), solu-tion/precipitation, etc. The most successful systems are described in Sections 3.3.3-3.4.6. Other, less frequently... 

Yue, X. Xu, Z. Prinyawiwatkul, W. King, J.M. 2006. Improving extraction of lutein from egg yolk using ultrasound-assisted solvent method. J. Food Sci. 71 C239-C241. 

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (USE) is an effective method for leaching many analytes from different kinds of samples [52-55]. It is simple, fast, efficient, and inexpensive in comparison with conventional extraction techniques such as solvent extraction in the Soxhlet apparatus. Ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction is an effective and time-saving extraction method. Sonication accelerates the mass-transfer process between two phases. Use of ultrasound results in a reduction in operating temperature, allowing the extraction of temperature-sensitive components. The ultrasound apparatus is cheaper and its operation is easier in comparison with other novel extraction techniques such as MAE. 

Ultrasound-assisted extraction has rapidly evolved from a novel extraction technique [63] to a part of various reference methods that have superseded previous ones based on alternative extraction techniques [44,64]. Below are discussed the advantages and disadvantages of ultrasound-assisted leaching in relation to the more common leaching alternatives. 

MAE has found its place in the field of chromatographic analysis of environmental samples. From 1986 till now it has been accepted as an interesting alternative to the conventional extraction methods, as well as to some of the newly developed ones. Some of the main benefits and disadvantages of the MAE are summarized in Table 2.5, together with the Soxhlet and the ultrasound assisted extraction techniques. 

Determination continuous ultrasound-assisted extraction coupled to on line filtration-SPE-column hquid chromatography—post column derivatisation—fluorescence detection LOD 12 ng/g and LOQ 40 ng/g carbamates at 1 /xg/g spiked level recoveries similar to those provided by the EPA 8318 method repeatability 3.1% reproducibility 7.5%... 

Many procedures report the contribution of ultrasounds or microwaves to quantitatively extract the trapped compounds. For example, a low temperature microwave-assisted extraction method (MAE) was reported to determine PAHs in airborne particulate matter (Karthikeyan et al. 2006). The procedure requires a... 

Ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction have also been employed as complementary techniques in the extraction of vegetable oils. Compared with conventional methods, extraction times are reduced up to ten-fold and yields are increased by 50-500%. 

Pena, R.M. Barciela, J. Herrero, C. Garda-Martin, S. (2005). Comparison of ultrasound-assisted extraction and direct immersion solid-phase microextraction methods for the analysis of monoterpenoids in wine. Talanta 67,129-135 Perestrelo, R. Fernandes, A Albuquerque, F.F. Marques, J.C. Camara, J.S. (2006). 

The capsaicinoids are extracted using different solvents and more recently ultrasound-assisted extraction [61], extraction by means of supercritical fluids [65], extraction by pressurized liquids [58] and enzymatic extraction [59], and analyzed by HPLC [64,93-95], GC [72-76], hyphenated systems as HPLC-MS [96-100], and GC-MS [77]. Normally the GC methods require derivatization of the compounds to make them sufficiently volatile for determination. There are many other reported papers have been found in the literature for the analytical separation, quantitation, and identification of naturally occurring capsaicinoids in different matrices. Select matrices are discussed here. 

Five iridoids glycosides were isolated from C. officinalis fmits by ultrasound assisted extraction in methanol, followed by successive partition of the extract with K-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and -butanol. The elucidation of the chemical profile of the extract was achieved by HPLC-DAD-ESl-MS, UV and NMR methods and the results... 

Ultrasound has also been used to enhance extraction of oil from oilseed rape (Wei et al., 2008). As with other studies, extraction efficiency was significantly affected by extraction time and extraction power, and then the liquidisolid ratio. A liquidisolid ratio of 1 4 (L g), an ultrasound-assisted extraction time of 60 min, and power of 500 W were found to be optimal for extracting up to 20 mg of ground oilseed rape, when compared to a standard Soxhlet extraction method. 

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