Ullage

Most storage containers for ciyogens are designed for a 10 percent ullage volume. The latter permits reasonable vaporization of the contents due to heat leak without incurring too rapid a buildup of the pressure in the container. This, in turn, permits closure of the container for short periods of time to either avoid partial loss of the contents or to transport flammable or hazardous ciyogens safely from one location to another. 

Make-up water. A semi-sealed section within the main tank will feed water from the treatment plant to the main tank either through a separate make-up tank or. In either case, the water level will be the same in both sections, excluding the ullage left for condense returns. Control of the make-up water level may be by float valve, float switches or conductivity probes. These methods allow water to flow through the treatment plant, although conductivity probes or switches permit a positive flow and avoid the risk of slippage. 

The following Addnl Refs on IPN are of limited distribution 1) Anon, General Synthesis. The Ludion Question, The Ludion Sustentator , Rept No FSTC-HT-23-573-69 (1969) 2) B.H. Bonner, Ullage Requirements... 

Spanish, 1124,118, . straw wings, 1120, sulphuring, 11 id. sweet wiuos. 1126. tornure, 1181. treading the grapes, till, tuna, celebrated, 1010. ullage, 1118. 

The profile of the bottle shoulder and neck diameter are also important factors. The smaller the diameter of the closure and the more tapered the neck/shoulder, the more exaggerated the change in fill level becomes. Also, in order to create a 5-7% volume of ullage or vacuity the fill level height will be much lower, which can give the appearance of a short fill or deceptive volume. 

The major components of the system include a krypton gas injector assembly, a radiation detector assembly, detector electronics and a data processor. The heart of the system is the radiotracer detector assembly which uses semiconductor charged particle detectors to measure the relative concn of tracer gas in the ullage. Krypton-85 is considered the safest radioisotope for such use since there is virtually no bodily retention of this gas... 

All the animation reactions are conducted in a 100-gal stainless steel reactor heated with 75 psi steam to the jacket. The reactor is fitted with an ammonia inlet, a vent tube for azeo-troping w from the system and a thermowell The TCTNB is first dissolved in toluene in a feed vessel and passed thru a 1.5 pm in-line filter during transfer to the reactor. The soln is then heated to 140° and the w azeotroped from the system. The ullage is then backfilled with ammonia and the temp brought to 150°. The... 

The initiator in this instance is a length of detonating cord, donor and acceptor charges are both PETN, and the body is type 303S stainless steel with the bulkhead 0.075 " thick. This TBI was developed to initiate solid proplnt rocket motors that are used during stage separation to control the ullage in the main proplnt tanks and to provide retro thrust. The TBI ends are sealed so that the TBI will better withstand the temp environment (Ref 2)... 

No container (or film), no fill No container, no ullage filler, no closure No container, no label No container, no carton No leaflet, no carton... 

Additional research on herbicide use to facilitate conservation ullage. 

Irradiated Magnox and AGR fuel is stored at the power stations in open topped skips and transported to Sellafield in shielded flasks. At Sellafield, in the Fuel Handling Plant (FHP), the fuel is placed into ullaged containers which can be stacked. Based upon an extensive research programme an optimiun water chemistry of pH 13 was identified for the containers. Under these conditions storage times of at least five years without cladding penetration are achievable. 

Most liquid feedstock and chemicals such as naphtha or benzene are stored in above ground steel tanks. In order to prevent the formation of explosive mixtures in the tank ullage, some organisations use floating roof tanks, particularly favoured for large tanks in the refining industry, whereas others use inert gas blanket of nitrogen, particularly favoured for small tanks in the chemicals industry. 

---