Types of Audits

A P2 audit differs from most other types of audits because it makes use of a dual benchmarking approach namely, it uses both technical (environmental performance) and financial performance as its basis for making corrective actions. The status quo most often serves as the benchmark, though other standards certainly can be devised. A P2 audit can also affect non-environmental issues. The types of corrective actions can affect other types of wastes, energy, occupational safety, product quality, and worker productivity. 

Audits of practice against procedure or policy should be recorded as they are observed and you can either do this in note form to be written up later or directly onto observation forms especially designed for the purpose. Some auditors prefer to fill in the forms after the audit and others during the audit. The weakness with the former approach is that there may be some dispute as to the facts if presented some time later. It is therefore safer to get the auditee s endorsement to the facts at the time they are observed. In other types of audits there may not be an auditee present. Audits of procedure against policy can be carried out at a desk. You can check whether the documents of the quality system satisfy all the clauses of the standard at a desk without walking around the site, but you can t check whether the system is documented unless you examine the operations in practice. There may be many activities which make the system work that are not documented. 

Devise a method of determining when parts of the system were last audited. Decide on the types of audits to be conducted and the level of staff to conduct them. Determine the standards against which the organization is to be audited. 

Audits are done by a variety of groups and agencies, again depending on the type of audit. Most utilities have residential auditing programs. State and... 

What do you think is meant by these different types of audit ... 

It may seem unnecessary to have audits especially when there seem to be so many different types of audit. However, in spite of all of the documented procedures there are problems that can arise in analytical laboratories due to changes in staff, procedures, equipment, sample type and number of samples. For a laboratory to provide a consistent standard of quality in the face of all of these regular operational changes, Quality Audits need to be carried out. Audits will identify the problems which are expected to emerge, and provide a system to put them right. 

The inspection is performed according to the quality assurance programme and is based on the audit plan. There can be three types of audit ... 

The following table shows the types of audits used to perform an assessment of compliance and quality. 

Reason for the audit and type of audit being performed, (e.g. mock FDA audit, documentation audit, systems audit). 

There are two different types of audit and these are described in Example 5.2. 

Investigator site audits are probably the most frequent type of audits conducted by clinical QA departments and, therefore, deserve particular attention. The purpose of investigator site audits is to assess compliance with the GCP regulations (with a focus on the country-specific regulatory requirements) and the protocol. Further, thesafety of the trial participants, the ethical conduct of the trial and the validity, completeness and accuracy of the data collected and recorded are verified during the audit. 

Protocol No. Name of drug Auditor name Pat. no. Date audit start Date audit stop Keyer Verifier CDC Auditor Type of audit No. of errors Description of errors... 

Deciding whether a company has carried out an audit will in turn depend to some degree on the company s own definition. A number of different types of audit have been identified. An environmental review is an initial analysis of the environmental issues, impact and performance related to activities at a site and should be seen as the first step in the audit programme. Following the review, a system audit will assess the effectiveness of the company s environmental management system. Other audits will cover particular sites, acquisition or divestment and the production impacts of making a specific product. 

System audits of the type discussed are more similar to the general GMP type of audits performed by the European authorities and also by the author of this work. When there is limited time, such as one or two days, to complete the audit of a large facility, then an audit of the QSs as a whole is a very powerful tool. If this is coupled with a product specific audit to challenge the operation of the systems, then this is even better for assessing the facility. 

Waste audits may be performed at the waste, product, or facility level. Waste-level audits simply require that each waste stream and its source be identified. Although this approach is the simplest, it ignores the implications and interactions of the waste stream as a whole. Waste audits performed at the product level are product life cycle inventory assessments, which are discussed in Section 4.3. Facility waste audits are the most common type of audit because most environmental laws require discharge reporting by facility. Estimating plant-wide emissions is discussed in Chapter 19. 

Clear objectives and scope of safety audit Safety audit can be large or small, can be complicated or simple. Different audit objectives determine the different scope of the audit will determine the type of audit resources. For different types of safety audits and their specific audit objectives is not the same. Safety audit specific goals should be based on the audit conclusion using objective and preparing work process. Emphasis on the development of enterprises, the safety and sustainable... 

The responsibilities of Navy headquarters include establishing and specifying SUBSAFE requirements, verifying comphance with the requirements, and providing SUBSAFE certification for each submarine. Compliance is verified through two types of audits (1) ship-specific and (2) functional or facility audits. 

Both types of audits are carried out with structured audit plans and qualified auditors. 

The purpose of completing an audit is to check the effectiveness of the systems in place within the organisation. From the audits carried out, problems and potential problems can be identified, thus leading to changes that will improve the overall system. An audit is defined as a systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating its objectivity to determine the extent to which the audit criteria are fulfilled (BS EN ISO 19011 2002). Table 9.2 shows types of audits. 

Safety instrumented system audits provide beneficial information to plant management, instrument maintenance engineers and instrument design engineers. This enables management to be proactive and aware of the degree of implementation and effectiveness of their safety instrumented systems. Many types of audits, which can be carried out exist. The actual type, scope, and frequency of the audit of any specific activity should reflect the potential impact of the activity on the safety integrity. 

Management at the various levels may want to apply the relevant type of audit to gain information on the effectiveness of the implementation of their safety instrumented systems. Information from audits could be used to identify the procedures that have not been properly applied, leading to improved implementation. 

Management s first priority must always be to make sure that they are in compliance with the law. In some ways, this type of audit is the easiest to carry out because the audit questions are predefined. All that the auditor need to do is take a regulatory statement or sentence, and invert it to create the audit question. For example, the OSHA PSM standard to do with hazards analysis contains the following requirement ... 

What types of audits would be useful in measuring safety performance at a school ... 

Both types of audit are important. The process safety audit addresses a particular hazard found at a specific time. It could lead to correction of the hazard without addressing the underlying reason why the hazardous condition came to exist. The PSMS audit addresses the management systems intended to preclude the creation of hazards. 

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