Types and Sizes

Real position, type and sizes of these flaws have been discovered. On the basis of this information it was possible to characterize flaw as independent or take into account their interaction in strength assessments. 

Produced from Co l. Estimates of the cost of producing methanol from coal have been made by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) (12,17) and they are more uncertain than those using natural gas. Experience in coal-to-methanol faciUties of the type and size that would offer the most competitive product is limited. The projected costs of coal-derived methanol are considerably higher than those of methanol produced from natural gas. The cost of the production faciUty accounts for most of the increase (11). Coal-derived methanol is not expected to compete with gasoline unless oil prices exceed 0.31/L ( 50/bbl). Successful development of lower cost entrained gasification technologies could reduce the cost so as to make coal-derived methanol competitive at oil prices as low as 0.25/L ( 40/bbl) (17) (see Coal conversion processes). 

To determine the size of the magnetic field to be used, the type and size of tramp iron to be removed must be known. A general rule of thumb for 13 to 25 mm balls or cubes is that a 0.1-T (1-kG) field is required at the suspension distance. For tramp iron 50 mm and larger, a 0.05—0.08-T (0.5—0.8-kG) field is required at the suspension distance. 

The selection of an appropriate steam-sterilization cycle must be made after a carefiil study of the nature of the articles to be sterilized, the type and number of organisms present, type and size of each package, and type of packaging material used. Cycle-development studies may be conducted using fiiU autoclave loads. 

Solid Soil Type and Size. Different soHd soils differ greatly in ease of removal and redeposition behavior. These differences can be traced to particle size and soil—substrate bonding. The effect of particle size variation on detergency has been studied with soil removal and redeposition techniques. 

Raoult s Law for component j (7 1 and 7 < 1). Compounds of similar type and size, eg, pentane—hexane or methanol—ethanol, tend to behave ideally... 

Once a given type and size of dryer has been installed, the product characteristics and diying capacity can be changed only within relatively narrow limits. Tnus it is more economical and far more satisfac-... 

Type and size of preformed 6.35-diameter scored Scored filter Cut fiber 64 X 51 X 25 2-diameter 6..35-diameter... 

In using Eq. (14-66), therefore, it should be understood that the numerical values of will be a complex function of the pressure, the temperature, the type and size of tower packing employed, the hq-uid and gas mass flow rates, and the system composition (for example, the degree of conversion of the liquid-phase reactant). 

Table 14-2 illustrates the observed variations in values for different packing types and sizes for the COg-NaOH system at a 25 percent reactant-conversion level for two different liquid flow rates. The lower rate of 2.7 kg/(s-m ) or 2000 lb/(h-ft ) is equivalent to 4 (U.S. gal/min)/ft and is typical of the liquid rates employed in fume scrubbers. The higher rate of 13.6 kg/(s-m ) or 10,000 lb/(h-fU) is equivalent to 20 (U.S. gal/min)/ft and is more typical of absorption towers such as are used in CO9 removal systems. For example. We note also that two different gas velocities are represented in the table, corresponding to superficial velocities of 0.59 and 1.05 m/s (1.94 and 3.44 ft/s). 

The term Fp is a dimensionless dry packing factor, specific for a given packing type and size. Values of Fp are given in Table 14-7. For operating pressures above atmospheric, and for certain packing sizes, Lj and Gj a.re calculated differently ... 

Sepn. Purif., 3, 19 (1989)] takes holdup into account and applies to random as well as structured packings. It is somewhat cumbersome to use and requires three constants for each packing type and size. Such constants have been evaluated, however, For a number of commonly used packings. A more recent pressure drop and holdup model, suitable for extension to the flood point, has been pubhshed by Rocha et al. [Jnd. Eng. Chem. Research, 35, 1660 (1996)]. This model takes into account variations in surface texturing of the different brands of packing. 

The various models for predicting values of He and Hi are given in Sec. 5. The important parameters in the models include gas rate, liquid rate, gas and liquid properties (density, viscosity, siirrace tension, diffiisivity), packing type and size, and overall bed dimensions. 

TABLE 25-55 Data on the Types and Sizes of Containers Used for On-Site Storage of Solid Wastes... 

Fire or explosion hazards require special motor enclosures. Hazards include combustible gases and vapors such as gasoline dust such as coal, flour, or metals that can explode when suspended in air and fibers such as textile lint. The land of motor enclosure used depends on the type of hazard, the type and size of motor, and the probability of a hazardous condition occurring. Some available enclosures are explosionproof motors, which can withstand an internal explosion force-ventilated motors cooled with air from a safe location and totallv enclosed motors cooled bv air-to-water heat exchangers and pressurized with safe air, instrument air, or inert gas,... 

The declared efficiency and power factor of a motor are affected by its loading. Irrespective of the load, no-load losses as well as the reactive component of the motor remain constant. The useful stator current, i.e. the phase current minus the no-load current of a normal induction motor, has a power factor as high as 0.9-0.95. But because of the magnetizing current, the p.f. of the motor does not generally exceed 0.8-0.85 at full load. Thus, at loads lower than rated, the magnetizing current remaining the same, the power factor of the motor decreases sharply. The efficiency, however, remains practically constant for up to nearly 70% of load in view of the fact that maximum efficiency occurs at a load when copper losses (f R) are equal to the no-load losses. Table 1.9 shows an approximate variation in the power factor and efficiency with the load. From the various tests conducted on different types and sizes of motors, it has been established that the... 

Figure 10.6 Curves to determine relubricating periods for different types and sizes of bearings at different speeds...

The latest practice for up to 6.6 k V motors is to use an HT load break, fault-making isolator in conjunction with the appropriate type and size of HRC fuses, a vacuum contactor and a motor protection relay. The contactors... 

Interchangeability of a module with another module of the same type and size is the basic requirement of such panels. 

These are common for all types and sizes of cables, except where noted. Derating of cable ratings resulting from site conditions and laying parameters are provided in Tables A16.17-A 16.26. 

The phenomenon uneven distribution of current within the same conductor due to the inductive effect is known as the skin effect and results in an increased effective resistance of the conductor. The ratio of a.c. to d.c. resistance, R JR. is the measure of the skin effect and is known as the skin effect ratio . Figure 28.13(a) illustrates the skin elTect for various types and sizes of aluminium in flat sections. For easy reference, the skin effects in isolated round (solid or hollow) and channel conductors (in box form) are also shown in Figures 28.13(b) and (c) respectively. 

In an attempt to provide as much information on the related subjects as possible and to make the book more complete for a project or a design engineer w e have provided data and tables on cables and described in detail the procedure for the selection of the type and size of control and LT and HT pow er cables. 

This approach will provide a number aecurate enough for initial planning. For detailed design, the proeess engineer should work elosely with the meehanieal engineer and/or vendor representative involved to set exact requirements, ineluding orifice type and size for the minimum flow line. Also, a eooler may be required in the minimum flow line or it may need to be routed to a vessel. For boiler feedwater pumps, a special stepped type orifice is often used to eontrol flashing. 

Step 9.1 Identify the Effluent Discharge Points. Determine the points at which wastewater leaves the site. Wastewater may go to an effluent treatment plant, directly to a public sewer, or directly to a watercourse. One factor that is often overlooked in audits is the use of several discharge points. It is important to identify the location, type, and size of all discharge flows. Identify where flows from different unit operations or process areas contribute to the overall flow. In this way, it is possible to piece together the drainage network for the site. This can lead to startling discoveries of what goes where ... 

PR Valve Type and Size - For convenience, valves are specified "Crosby or Farris valves equivalent accepted." The appropriate valve should be selected from the latest Crosby or Farris PR valve catalog. Sizes or ratings of PR valves that are not normally available are often obtainable by special order, and manufacturers should be consulted in such cases. 

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