Type of Biomarker

Molecular risk biomarkers could detect systemic or local changes indicating that the carrier of this specific biomarker is at higher risk for disease development in the future. Examples include the presence of human papillomavirus in the cervix, which is associated with a higher risk for the development of cervical cancer, the association between Hdicohacterpylori and gastric cancer as well as EBV and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The drawback of these markers is that they are not helpful for the detection of early disease. 

Some serological markers have been used as prognostic determinants, such as ferritin, erythropoetin, calcium and renin. These markers include the proliferating cell nuclear antigen Ki-67, specific cytogenetic alterations, P-glycoprotein, p53 

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Biomarker Acronym Type of biomarker Indicative of Organ/tissue used in No. offish... 

The fish biomarkers and other indices measured during this study are presented in Table 1. The table also lists the aeronyms used here, the type of biomarker, the substances that induce... 

There are thus three types of biomarkers biomarkers of exposure of the organism to the toxic substance, biomarkers of response of the organism to that exposure, and biomarkers of susceptibility of the organism to the chemical. 

Figure 2.1 Types of biomarker and their relationship to the exposure-disease model of toxicity. Source From Ref. 1.

Chapter 1 describes the relationship between exposure to a toxic chemical and its clinically relevant health effects as a series of steps along a continuum. There often is no clear-cut distinction between some of the steps, and Figure 1-1 can help position three types of biomarkers biomarkers of exposure, of effect, and of susceptibility. 

If such relationships are not available, biomonitoring data may be interpreted by converting them to human exposure dose with the aid of PK models. That can be done in different ways depending on the chemical and the type of biomarker (for example, parent chemical and metabolite). 

Effect There are no specific biomarkers for the effects of tetryl. The toxic effects of tetryl, such as headaches, coughs, nausea, and dermatitis, are too general to be used to characterize exposure to this substance. Patch tests can be conducted in individuals who appear to be sensitive to tetryl (i.e., those who exhibit hypersensitivity-like reactions). Further studies are necessary to determine which types of biomarkers can be used to indicate effects caused by tetryl. 

In the present chapter we will first review basic concepts of epidemiological research and follow with a discussion of different types of biomarkers used in molecular epidemiology, and finally we will concentrate on the study of genetic susceptibility. In our discussion we will put special emphasis in the challenges that using such markers introduce when used at the population level. 

This section describes the identification and evaluation of biomarkers (Section 26.3.1) and the major types of biomarkers—exposure, effect, and susceptibility (Sections 26.3.2 to 26.3.4) the subdiscipline of genetic susceptibility is discussed in greater detail in Section 26.4. 

In this schema, biomarkers are considered to fall in the three general designations. These include biomarkers of exposures, biomarkers of effect, and biomarkers of susceptibility. Each of these types of biomarkers has specific and relevant applicahons to the understanding of renal injury and disease. Specific and sensitive bi-... 

Biomarkers are generally divided into three categories markers of exposure, markers of effects, and markers of susceptibility. Each of these types of biomarkers is described below, along with how they may be used in risk assessment. 

Table 7.1 Types of biomarkers used to assess the health of aquatic species.

Ideally, it is best to use incurred samples for method correlations and we like to use at least 50 different samples, and these should cover as much of the analytical range as possible. QC samples of all levels can also be used but care needs to be taken to ensure that these are behaving the same as the incurred sample for both methods since, depending upon how the QC samples have been prepared, this may not be the case for some biomarker assays because of the source and type of biomarker used for spiking. Moreover, high-QC samples may artificially skew the correlation of the sample data if the range of concentrations that the incurred samples represent is relatively small. 

What are the most appropriate types of biomarkers to address a particular question ... 

Type of Biomarkers Drug Development Disease Management... 

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