Tumor obstruction

Others tumoral obstruction, fibrosing mediastinitis, chronic renal failure on dialysis... 

Foreign body or tumor in tracheal or bronchial obstruction... 

Postrenal ARF is due to obstruction of urinary outflow. Causes include benign prostatic hypertrophy, pelvic tumors, and precipitation of renal calculi.7 Rapid resolution of postrenal ARF without structural damage to the kidney can occur if the underlying obstruction is corrected. Postrenal ARF accounts for less than 10% of cases of ARF.6... 

The superior vena cava (SVC) is the primary drainage vein for blood return from the head, neck, and upper extremities. It is a relatively thin-walled vein that is particularly vulnerable to obstruction from adjacent tumor invasion or thrombosis. The obstruction leads to elevated venous pressure, although collateral veins partially compensate. This is one reason for the relatively slow onset of the classic symptoms of SVCS. In fact, 75% of patients have signs and symptoms for more than 1 week before seeking medical attention.15... 

Radiation therapy is the treatment of choice for chemotherapy-resistant tumors such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or in chemotherapy-refractory patients with SVCS. Between 70% and 90% of patients will experience relief of symptoms. Radiation therapy also may be combined with chemotherapy for chemotherapy-sensitive tumors such as SCLC and lymphoma. In the rare emergency situations of airway obstruction or elevated intracranial pressure, empirical radiotherapy prior to tissue diagnosis should be used. In most patients, symptoms resolve within 1 to 3 weeks. 

Sakao, S. et al., Association of tumor necrosis factor alpha gene promoter polymorphism with the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 163,420, 2001. 

Micro-Thromboses Platelets and leucocytes, like other cells, are known to carry surplus negative charge, and can be electrophoretically deposited at (or around) the anode10 owing to the positive electrode potential. These microthromboses in capillaries in or near the treatment site will result in decreased blood flow and may contribute to a local dystrophy of the tissue. A more pronounced version of this effect can be seen sometimes as electrocoagulation and vascular occlusion (i.e., shut, closed or obstructed vasculature) of the tumor tissue. In other words, ECT cuts off the blood supply to the tumor and causes the tumor cell necrosis. 

Use cautiously in people with acute or chronic respiratory impairment, particularly children, because phenothiazines may suppress the cough reflex. If hypotension occurs, epinephrine is not recommended because phenothiazines may reverse its usual pressor effect and cause a paradoxical further lowering of blood pressure. Because these drugs have an antiemetic action, they may obscure signs of intestinal obstruction, brain tumor, or overdosage of toxic drugs. 

Injection - Heart failure secondary to chronic lung disease cardiac arrhythmias brain tumor acute alcoholism delirium tremens idiosyncrasy to the drug increased intracranial or CSF pressure head injuries acute bronchial asthma upper airway obstruction. Because of its stimulating effect on the spinal cord, morphine should not be used in convulsive states (eg, status epilepticus, tetanus, strychnine poisoning) concomitantly with MAOIs or in those who have received such agents within 14 days. 

Antiemetic effects Drugs with antiemetic effect can obscure signs of toxicity of other drugs, or mask symptoms of disease (eg, brain tumor, intestinal obstruction, Reye syndrome). They can suppress the cough reflex aspiration is possible. 

When stimulation of Gl motility might be dangerous (eg, in the presence of Gl hemorrhage, mechanical obstruction, or perforation) pheochromocytoma (the drug may cause a hypertensive crisis, probably because of release of catecholamines from the tumor control such crises with phentolamine) sensitivity or intolerance to metoclopramide epileptics or patients receiving drugs likely to cause extrapyramidal reactions (the frequency and severity of seizures or extrapyramidal reactions may be increased). 

Additionally, ultrasound may show a thickened gallbladder wall or tumor extension into the liver. However, CT scans are more helpful in assessing adenopathy and the spread of disease into the liver, porta hepatis, or adjacent structures. ERCP or transhepatic cholangiography (THC) may be useful in the presence of obstruction to localize primary tumor. 

Obstructive jaundice, as the name implies, is caused by blockage of the bile duct by a gallstone or a tumor (usually of the head of the pancreas). 

Phlegm obstruction with other pathogenic factors for a long period of time lymphadenitis, scrofula and tumors. 

Other current applications of Ir-191m angiography include diagnosis of congenital circulatory defects (i.e., tetrology of Fallot) and vena caval obstruction. Potential applications that remain to be explored include measurement of ventricular volume, renal perfusion, cerebral blood flow, and evaluation of blood flow to tumors and organs by selective arterial infusion. 

Liu H, Kiu J, Xiong S, Sgen G, Zhang Z, Xu Y. The change in interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Tongji Med Univ 2000 20 200-202. 

Fig. 14.1. (A) Implantation of HT-29LP tumor cells into the posterior wall of the rectum. The anterior wall of the anorectal area is cut 7 mm in length between two hemostats to prevent colonic obstruction, resulting from tumor progression. Tumor cells are then injected submucosally using a 27 G needle. (B) At the end of the study period, the abdominal cavity is exposed through a midline incision and para-aortic lymph nodes (arrow), located around the abdominal aorta, are removed and imaged ex vivo.

The anorectal wall is cut 7 mm in length between the two hemostats to prevent colonic obstruction, resulting from rectal tumor progression (Fig. 14.1 A). 

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