Tumor necrosis factor sources

Example on Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha. The term tumor necrosis factor alpha can be readily identified from text. The GetLinks method fetches the local terms associated with the normalized term for the various sources from the Metastore. The local terms are then used for pointing to the original records and linking to specific applications (Table 31.5). 

Figure 3 Cytokine secretion in immunopotentiating reconstituted influenza viro-somes (IRIV)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). PBMC from a healthy donor were cultured in the absence of stimuli (Neg) or in the presence of IRIV (V, 1 50 diluted) or control liposomes (L, 1 50 diluted). On days 1, 2, and 4 supernatants were harvested and the concentrations of interferon-y (A), GM-CSF (B), TNF-a (C), and interleukin-4 (D) were determined by ELISA. Abbreviations GM-CSF, granulocyte monocyte colony stimulating factor TNF-a, tumor necrosis factor-a. Source From Ref. 6.

Bradding P, Roberts JA, Britten KM, Montefort S, et al. 1994. Interleukin-4, -5, and -6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal and asthmatic airways Evidence for the human mast cell as a source of these cytokines. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 10 471—480. 

Glial cells are a source of multiple cytokines, including interleukin-1 /3 (IL-1 /3), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-a (Hanisch, 2002). These cytokines can contribute to different features of pathological pain, although their role within the spinal cord has not been completely understood (DeLeo and Yezierski, 2001 Watkins... 

Other components of the innate response include natural killer (NK) cells and a number of cytokines. NK cells lyse certain types of tumor cells and virally infected cells and are a rich source of immune interferon (interferon-y), which stimulates macrophages and T cells hence they are thought to play an important role in host resistance to both neoplastic and viral disease. Type I interferons (interferon a and interferon P) are produced by a number of different cell types and appear very rapidly after viral infection. Type I interferons inhibit viral replication, inhibit cell proliferation, and increase the lytic potential of NK cells and therefore play a role in controlling viral and neoplastic disease. Several cytokines are important in the initiation of inflammatory responses. Those that have received the most attention include tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6. There are also a number of chemotactic cytokines (including IL-8), called chemokines, which help to mobilize immune cells to the site of injury. 

The mature peptide is derived from a pre-pro-form, which consists of 170 amino acids, being located between amino acid positions 125 to 152 within the prepro-form. Antigenic stimulation results in the early production of proinflammatory cytokines by activated macrophages, followed by the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, including Aviptadil, from sources such as peptidergic innervations or the immune cells themselves. Aviptadil inhibits the production of the proinflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-12 and nitric ox-... 

T) ical Western diet with oversized intake of a)-6 PUFAs (LA-rich oils from vegetable sources) leads to overproduction of proinflammatory co-6 PG and c dokines, which could be suppressed by higher intake of co-3 PUFAs from fish oils. Simopoulos (2002a,b) reported that high intake of ALA (about 15 g/day) would suppress human protein interleukin (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor. 

The quinolin/4(l//)-one alkaloids with a linear aliphatic side chain at C-2 appear to be absent in fungi. Fungus Penicillium (Ascomycota phylum, Ascomycetes class, and Eurotiales order) has yielded a novel class of quinolin/ones [41], They are based on the combination of amino acids L-valine and L-isoleucine, anthranilic acid, and acetic acid [41] (Schemes 24.22, 24.23), or these amino acids and tryptamine [41] (Scheme 24.24). They constitute two small groups which can be considered as 2-substituted quinolin-4(l/f)-ones quinolactacins Al, A2, B, and C, quinolactacide and 2-substitued quinolines quinocitrinines A and B. Both are alkaloid types at present unknown from any other source. Thus, clearly fungi from Ascomycetes class deserve more attention in order to find new quinolactacins, since they showed interesting biological effect on tumor necrosis factor (TNF) [41]. 

Kock A, Schwarz T, Kimbauer R, Urbanski A, Perry P, Ansel JC, Luger X. Human keratinocytes are a source for tumor necrosis factor alpha evidence for synthesis and release upon stimulation with endotoxin or ultraviolet fight. J Exp Med. 1990 172 1609-14. 

Fehrenbach H, Zissel G, Goldmann T, et al. Alveolar macrophages are the main source for tumor necrosis factor-alpha in patients with sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 2003 21(3) 421 28. 

FIGURE 36.1 General mechanistic pathways involved in the toxicity of inhaled chlorine following exposure. IL interleukin TNF tumor necrosis factor V/Q ventilation profusion ratio. Source Reprinted from Textbooks of Military Medicine Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare,... 

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