Tsunami

The risks of hydraulic hazards such as tsunamis should be analysed at the initial (feasibility) stage of a reclamation project. The frequency of occurrence and the expected impact of extreme events should be properly evaluated and related to the expected costs for protection against such events. Such a risk-cost assessment should be the basis for the design of reclamation areas in terms of being hazard-proof or not. 

The risk for tsunamis is in some parts of the world higher than in others. In general, the frequency and intensity of tsunamis in the Indian and Pacific Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea is much higher than in other regions of the world. A global overview of tsunami events and risks is for example presented in the following link http //www.nerc-bas.ac.uk/tsunami-risks/. At present, however, no accurate site-specific information is available with respect to the chance of occurrence and intensities of tsunamis. 

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The tank, which was nearly full, contained 15.000 m of diesel oil, which surged out of the failed tank like a tsunami, washing over the dike walls. About 3,000 m3 eseaped from the site into a river that supplied drinking water for neighboring towns, disrupting supplies for a week. Fortunately no one was killed. 

Femtosecond Laser Tsunami Processing and Light Scattering Spectroscopic Imaging of Single Animal Cells 547... 

Ni H-G, Zeng EY (2009) Law enforcement and global collaboration are the keys to containing e-waste tsunami in China. Environ Sci Technol 43(ll) 3991-3994. doi 10.1021/ es802725m... 

Less severe locations, where supplemental exposure protection for the normal ambient conditions is not necessary. These location however may contain other threats that need to be accounted for, such as, sharks, hurricanes, volcanic and tsunami activity. 

Hydrates are also of research interest as a source of greenhouse gases resulting from the decomposition of the trapped methane as well as for their role as a submarine geohazard, as the destabilisation of gas hydrates may initiate submarine landslides, which may cause tsunamis. The formation of gas hydrates further poses problems for gas pipelines at low temperatures, such as in deep and cold waters. 

Evidence also exists for a terrestrial source of the iridium enrichment as volcanic ejecta is enriched in this rare element. Thus, the enriched sediment layer could also have been caused by an abrupt and large increase in volcanic activity. Evidence for this is suggested by high levels of volcanic ash, soot, and shocked minerals in the iridium-enriched layer. Other geochemical characteristics of this sediment layer appear to have been caused by acid rain and tsunamis, both of which are by-products of volcanic activity. 

Because of the recent rash of hurricanes like Katrina and tsunamis, we have become more aware of the need for protection against their violence. Geotextiles play a major role in this protection. Reinforced soil was used by Babylonians 3000 years ago in the construction of their pyramid-like tower, ziggurats. One of these famous towers, the Tower of Babel, collapsed. For thousands of years, the Chinese used wood, straw, and bamboo for soil reinforcement including the construction of the Great Wall. In fact, the Chinese symbol for civil engineering can be translated as earth and wood. The Dutch have made extensive use of natural fibrous materials in their age-old battle with the sea. The Romans employed wood and reed for foundation reinforcement. By the 1920s, cotton fabrics were tested as a... 

Emergency aid and humanitarian demining, earthquake/tsunami relief. Projects in Afghanistan,... 

Figure 5.2 Debris of the tsunami surrounds the miraculously intact main mosque of the Aceh capital, December 2004...

The laser pulses are generated by a Tirsapphire oscillator (Tsunami Spectra Physics) whereby the central wavelength was set to 775 nm with a bandwidth of about 8 nm (FWHM)... 

However, there are problems. The main problem associated with a nuclear power station is that the reactor produces highly radioactive waste materials. These waste materials are difficult to store and cannot be disposed of very easily. Also, leaks of radioactive material have occurred at various sites throughout the world. Accidents at a small number of nuclear power stations, such as Three Mile Island in the US (1979) and Chernobyl in the Ukraine (1986) have led to a great deal of concern about their safety. More recently, in March 2011 a major nuclear accident happened at the Fukushima nuclear power plant in northern Japan. On this occasion the accident was not caused as a result of the plant itself undergoing a problem, but as a result of an earthquake near Japan that gave rise to a tsunami. This damaged essential... 

Science is naturally divided into experimental and conceptual branches and these intellectual tsunamis surface in about 100-200 year intervals. Experimenters work within the new frames of references until enough has been done to show that a worldview and reality do not match. Within the old model the experimental work reported in these journals is fine, it just does not fit reality which is unperturbed by our formulations. Upon perusal of these papers and a few calculations one gains the distinct impression that branching of species and molecules is impossible their results actually support the Genomic Potential Hypothesis. 

Sunrise and Holmes is awake in the floodlight of cicadas sweating old fear, the wave about to pound him. He recedes from his dream as a viewer from a Hokusai tsunami fragmenting a figure against a monolithic rock face. Finds himself in his new bedroom his new house, surrounded by unpacked cartons. 

The apparatus used for the experiments is shown in Figure 3. The pulsed light source was a 80 MHz mode-locked Ti sapphire laser (Spectra-Physics Tsunami) (1) pumped by a continuous wave (cw) diode laser (Spectra-Physics Millennia) (2), that produced 90 fs pulses at a centre photon energy of o>=l.575 0.005 eV (787 nm). The apertures (3) were used to reset the beam direction following any drift in the laser alignment. 

A soliton is a giant solitary wave produced in canals by a cancellation of nonlinear and dispersive effects. The connection between aqueous solitons and tsunamis ("harbor waves") is not definitively established. In "doped" conducting polyacetylene, a neutral soliton is a collective excitation of a polyacetylene oligomer that has amplitude for several adjacent sites [57],... 

Winter storms/blizzard Snow, ice, hail Tsunami... 

The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations also defines a third level of crisis—a catastrophe. A catastrophe is considered a disaster in which the community and hospital are overwhelmed and isolated for 3 or more days. This is exemplified by the Sumatra tsunami in 2004 and by Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans in 2005 (Berger, 2006). For our purposes, this category will be considered a disaster. 

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