Harbor wave

A soliton is a giant solitary wave produced in canals by a cancellation of nonlinear and dispersive effects. The connection between aqueous solitons and tsunamis ("harbor waves") is not definitively established. In "doped" conducting polyacetylene, a neutral soliton is a collective excitation of a polyacetylene oligomer that has amplitude for several adjacent sites [57],... 

Harbor structures are very accessible and can be investigated without the effects of wave motion. Grounding of steel pilings presents no problems and the work can be carried out from the quay (see the left-hand side of Fig. 16-13). With steel-reinforced concrete structures, measurements have to be made from a boat if no reliable contact has been provided in their eonstruction (see the right-hand side of Fig. 16-13). 

Ancient Egyptians are known to have spread very small amounts of olive oil over the water while their ships were sailing into harbors. Because this oil was known to appreciably calm the waves, navigation into the harbors was made easier. 

Breakwaters are barriers off shore that protect a harbor or shore from the full impact of the waves. Breakwaters using scrap tires have been tested by the U.S. 

Hawaii s most developed island, Oahu, is the land of the luau, a place where urban visitors can relax, be entertained and feel that they ve arrived somewhere both exotic and simple. The buzz of tourists on Oahu is unmistakable, especially along the streets of Honolulu, the Waikiki beachfront, and at historic Pearl Harbor. Oahu is also famous for its surf spots mellow Waikiki has one of the best beginner s waves in the world, while the challenging North Shore pumps out 25-foot curls at the Banzai Pipeline and Waimea Bay. 

Fio. 9. Map and section showing evolution of the salt marsh at Guilford Harbor, Connecticut. When sea level was several meters lower, a protective barrier of sand extended westward past B and the marsh formed behind this barrier. When sea level rose above the barrier, the face of the marsh began to retreat under the attack of waves leaving the erosion surface between B and A. Retreat of the exposed marsh face is continuing while the marsh surface simultaneously grows upward with rising sea level. 

The tide advances up the Connecticut and the Housatonic Rivers as a progressive wave (Le Lacheur and Sammons, 1932). Tides and circulation in the Thames River are described by Tolderlund (1975). The East River is a tidal straight with most of its tidal prism derived from New York Harbor (Bowman, 1976a). 

Much of the bottom of the Sound within the wave-affected zone is sandy. In some localities where the shore is bedrock, deposits of muddy sediment form up to the surf zone. This is possible because mud is trapped in mats of algae that mantle the bottom near the shore. Muddy material also accumulates in the dredged shipping channels of the harbors along the Connecticut shore at an average rate of 4 mm/yr, as computed from records of maintenance dredging (Bokuniewicz and Gordon, 1979). The surface area and volume of all of these deposits is small compared to the area and volume of the muddy sediment below the wave-affected zone. The rest of this article deals mostly with these deep mud deposits. 

Experimental testing indicated the potential value of using discarded tires as a construction material for low cost shore and harbor protection. TWo types of modular assembly methods with available connecting materials were examined by Armstrong and Peterson [6] floating tire breakwaters and tire revetments. Floating tire breakwaters provide wave attenuation in marinas and small harbors in both slat and freshwater. Tire revetment mats hold the promise as a low cost approach to certain shore erosion problems. 

Breakwaters are barriers off shore that protect a harbor or shore from the full impact of the waves. They were found to be effective on small-scale waves. The tires perform well in applications where floats are needed. Scrap tires for breakwaters and floats are filled with materials, usually foam. The concept employs scrap tires as a durable container for holding the floatation material together. 

Tire structures used for shore and harbor protection fall into two categories. Floating tire breakwaters are built in locations offshore to attenuate incoming waves for harbor protection. Revetments type structures located directly on the shorehne are built to dissipate wave energy remaining at the shore. 

Coastal Engineering. The movement of water in oceans and lakes has erosive effects on their shorelines. The preservation of wetland for flood mitigation or marine ecology requires the knowledge of such effects. Use of artificial barriers such as breakwaters or dikes at a shore or a harbor can result in reducing the water wave level within protected areas, eliminate or reduce the effects of shoreline erosion, and redirect natural sediment so that new land can be created over time. 

Gaillard, D.D. (1896). Gigantic earthwork in New Mexico. American Anthropologist A9(9) 311. Gaillard, D.D. (1904). Wave action in relation to engineering structures. GPO Washington DC. Gaillard, D.D. (1905). Harbors on Lake Superior, particularly Duluth-Superior Harbor. Trans. ASCE 54 263-296. 

Many occupationally related cases of photosensitivity have been reported in workers in outdoor occupations [4]. However, this is not always the case, since the quantity of radiation necessary to induce a reaction can be quite small, as little and 20-30 min of natural sun exposure [3]. In addition, it must be remembered that almost all chemical photosensitization has its action spectrum in the long wave ultraviolet (UV) A (320-400 nm) and visible (400-800 nm) ranges [3]. As such, window glass will not protect an individual whose skin is harboring a photosensitizer. Patients might easily develop a reaction while riding in an automobile to and from work. 

Further to the north the coast to the east of the Sovetsky range is characterized by the well manifested conditions for tsunami wave development. Here, there is a series of canyonlike erosion-tectonic bays. The largest of them are Sovetskaya Gavan harbor, and the bays of Vanino, Obmannaya, Silant ev, and Datta. 

The aforementioned practical applications in which seiches play a role have led to a recent study on the origin of the seiche events in Rotterdam. The present chapter summarizes the findings. Results are also presented of an analysis of the response of Rotterdam Harbor basins to incoming wave energy in the seiche frequency band using measured and theoretical ratios of seiche amplitudes at the closed ends of two basins. Finally, a new system of routine prediction of seiche events is described. 

In this section, a short description is given of the mechanism generating the long waves at sea that cause seiche episodes inside the harbor (as mentioned above, a more detailed description can be found in the work of de Jong and Battjes ). 

Because the system of convection cells moves, these fluctuations can generate low-frequency waves at sea, which in turn can cause seiches in the harbor basins. A sketch of the sea surface elevation response to the wind speed changes caused by the convection cells is depicted in Fig. 8.3. 

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