Earthquake induced tsunamis

If it is available, historical information such as records of runup heights, tide gauge records and reports of observed tsunamis and the damage they caused should be used to assess the validity of the computational methods used for determining the near shore effects of tsunamis. The justification of the analytical methods presented for determining the probable maximum tsunamis should be supported to the extent possible by evidence of satisfactory agreement with data from observations, but in any case the results should be demonstrated to be conservative. 

Some of these data may be obtained from the investigations made to evaluate the seismic hazard as described in Ref [2]. A conservative determination of these data should be made using the results of geological, tectonic and seismic investigations together with the analysis of historical records. 

The determination of the corresponding elevation of the water surface caused by the upheaval of the seabed should be carried out as the second step of the evaluation of the tsunami hazard. It is widely postulated with success that the initial elevation of the sea surface is the same as the static vertical displacement of the sea bottom calculated on the assumption of homogeneous dislocations on fault planes. Any application of more sophisticated techniques that include the consideration of the heterogeneity of fault movements as well as the dynamic excitation of tsunamis should be carefully validated. 

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Other Safety Guides relating to site evaluation present discussion on flood related events — for earthquake induced tsunamis, flood induced effects on foundations, procedures for the site survey, and precipitation and cyclonic wind hazard — and are thus complementary to this Safety Guide [2-4]. 

Fukashima Daiichi, Japan (2011)—earthquake-induced tsunami created accident and caused nuclear meltdown and radioactive release, worst nuclear disaster since Chernobyl, no deaths from radiation but over 100,000 people permanently evacuated... 

Most of the volcano induced scenarios can be treated in the same way as similar scenarios initiated by other root causes. This is the case for projectiles, floods, earthquake and tsunamis, hazardous gases, landshdes and lightning. 

The types of GDIE in China are plentiful and various and among them, the main types are slope instability, surface rupture, sand Liquefaction, debris flow and ground deformation, and secondary are collapses by seismic and barrier lake induced by earthquake with overflow, and seismic surge wave, tsunami and reservoir induced earthquake are rare types in China. 

Natural external events which shall be considered include those which have been identified in site characterization, such as earthquakes, floods, high winds, tornadoes, tsunami (tidal waves) and extreme meteorological conditions. Human induced external events that shall be considered include those that have been identified in site characterization and for which design bases have been derived. The list of these events shall be reassessed for completeness at an early stage of the design process. 

An Analysis of Ship Behavior Induced by the Great East Japan Earthquake Tsunami Based on AIS... 

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