Trout urine

Vermeirssen, E. L. M., Scott, A. P., and Liley, N. R. (1997) Female rainbow trout urine contains a pheromone which causes rapid rise in plasma 17a,20p-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one levels and milt amounts in males. Journal of Fish Biology 50, 107-119. 

All dead in 11 h. Prior to death, trout displayed 40 elevated cough rate, tremors, seizures, elevated urine Na and K, and abnormal blood chemistry. 

Mai ins et al. (15) showed by TLC that rainbow trout exposed to l C-labeled naphthalene excrete 1-naphthyl glucuronic acid in the urine almost exclusively. Only 1% of the total radioactivity of the urine was in the form of non-conjugated derivatives. 

Acetylated MS-222 was found in much higher concentrations in the urine than in the blood of rainbow trout. This suggests that the kidney concentrated the drug metabolite, or that MS-222 was acetylated in the kidney and excreted in the urine (28). Weber (31) stated that acetylation of p-aminobenzoic acid and sulfamethazine is catalyzed by most of the tissues in the body. He showed that in rabbits the acetylation of these amines by the kidney of rabbit is a small percentage of the total acetylation capability, but that the kidney is involved in this biotransformation. 

Effect of CCI4 Intoxication on Water Balance in Rainbow Trout. In studies of water balance the urinary bladder of treated and control animals was catheterized (PE 50 tubing) and individual fish were placed in plexiglass restraining chambers for 24 h to allow urine flow rates to stabilize. 

Female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchusmykiss, also release in their urine 17,20jSP. As in goldfish, this pheromone increases the plasma levels of gonadotropin II and testosterone in spermiating males Scott etal, 1994). Levels of 17,20jSP rises within 1 hour of exposure and peak at 3-4 hours. Milt production also increases (Vermeirssenetfl /., 1997). 

All dead in 11 h. Prior to death, trout displayed elevated cough rate, tremors, seizures, elevated urine Na and K, and abnormal blood chemistry. At death, gill histopathology evident, and residues, in pg/kg FW, were 160 in brain, 250 in carcass, and 3620 in liver... 

Loeb WF, Das SR, Trout JR (1997) The effect of erythritol on the stability of y-glutamyl transpeptidase and N-acetyl glu-cosaminidase in human urine. Toxicol Pathol 25 264-267... 

The urine (20 ml) of anadromous, ovulated females was collected by catheterization. Repeated fractionation, guided by male behavioral response, over complementary chromatographic supports led to the isolation of a sufficient quantity of pure substance for full spectroscopic characterization. The active pheromonal compound was shown to be L-kynurenine (6). It was estimated to be present at a concentration of 1.1 mg 100 ml-1 of urine. Interestingly, that is a hundred or more times higher than the concentration in the ovulated female urine of rainbow or brown trout. The absolute configuration of 6 was determined by Marfey s analysis,40 which involves... 

The data from the above studies provide the basis for a better understanding of the disposition of APs in fish. They show that oral administration or waterborne exposure results in an efficient uptake of these chemicals. Radiolabeled NPs are rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, as demonstrated by the radioactivity levels detected in blood and tissues 24 h after dosing. It is difficult to determine precisely the oral bioavailability of these compounds on the basis of the published studies. Nevertheless, Thibaut et al.6S 69 reported that 48 h after the administration of 3H-4-h-NP to rainbow trout, 5.5 and 3.0% of the radioactivity was recovered from bile and urine, respectively. This suggests that the digestive absorption must be at least 8.5%. Nevertheless, very little information is available on the kinetics of residues in fish submitted to a repeated AP oral exposure. 

Urinary Catheter. An appreciable amount of drug as parent or metabolites may be excreted in the urine of fish. A number of studies have demonstrated that glucuronide, sulfate and taurine conjugates are excreted by the fish kidney as a result of anion/cation carrier-mediated mechanisms (44,45). Urine has been collected for xenobiotic studies in a variety of fish species including flounder (46), dogfish shark (47), rainbow trout (Kleinow, K.M. Can. J. Fish Aq. Sci., in press) and catfish (48). In large measure urine production is greater in freshwater fish as compared to marine species. 

McKim and associates (1986) have conducted aquatic toxicokinetic studies using " C-labeled pentachlorophenol in rainbow trouts. At sublethal doses and over its 65-hour half-life period, about 50% was eliminated over the gills, 30% in the feces and bile, and 20% in the urine. It was found that pentachlorophenol and its metabolites were rapidly eliminated from the bodies of fish. 

Sources of sex pheromones have now been described in several species of fish, and whenever urine has been examined, it has been shown to have pheromonal activity (Liley 1982 Liley Stacey 1983 Stacey et al 1986 Stacey et al. 1994 Appelt, Sorensen Kellner 1995 Vermeirssen, Scott Liley 1997). This is notable because both studies which have described temporal characteristics of urinary release in fish have found urine to be released in a pulsatile manner (Fletcher 1990 Curtis Wood 1991). Unfortunately, neither study used fish known to be releasing pheromones. In a study of a freshwater fish, Curtis and Wood (1991) used external catheters and a radio-label to demonstrate that rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus my kiss) held individually in laboratory tanks urinated approximately every 30 min. In a study of a marine fish, the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), Fletcher (1990) demonstrated that isolated plaice held in laboratory tanks urinate once every few days. The primary objective of this study was to determine whether a link between pheromones and pulsatile urinary release exists. 

The effects of acid waters on fish physiology are similar to those caused by aluminium. For example, fish exposed to acid waters suffer a reduction in blood salts, which could be attributed to an impairment of salt uptake in the gills, and increased sodium use from the brown trout. The salt balance of freshwater fish is maintained by active, energy consuming exchange of ions across the gill membrane and excretion in the urine. Therefore in fish in waters of pH levels between 4.0 and 4.3, particular physiological effects are known to appear in respiration, metabolism and cell volume, and in some cases death can occur. 

Lisi, A.M., Kazlauskas, R., and Trout, G.J. (1992) Diuretic screening in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Use of a mac-roreticular acrylic copolymer for the efficient removal of the coextracted phase-transfer reagent after derivatization by direct extractive alkylation. Journal of Chromatography, 581,57-63. 

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