Amines trivial names

Reaction of alkyl halides 1 with hexamethylenetetramine 2 (trivial name urotropine) followed by a hydrolysis step, leads to formation of primary amines 3 free of higher substituted amines. This method is called the Delepine reaction, a comparable method is the Gabriel synthesis. 

The yellow analogues, the betaxanthins, are composed of betalamic acid with amino acids or amines, respectively, amounting to 26 structures known to occur naturally. " Structures unambiguously assigned by NMR spectroscopy usually carry trivial names derived from the plant material from which they have been first isolated. The substitution patterns of betalyanins and betaxanthins hitherto reported together with their particular plant sources are listed in Table 4.4.1 and 4.4.2, respectively. 

Bufotenidine or Cinobufagine This is the quaternary amine internal salt, 5-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethyltryptammonium salt. It also is frequently found as a hydrogen sulfate ester, but this latter has no trivial name. Mention has been made of bufotenidine and its sulfate ester as a occasional companion of histamine analogues found in frog skins. See the appendix on histamines. 

We have recently reported an alternative liquid precursor for the CVD of aluminum thin films.3 The main advantage of (AT,AT-dimethylethanamine)-trihydridoaluminum, frequently referred to by its trivial name dimethylethyl-amine alane (DMEAA), over (trimethylamine) trihydridoaluminum is that DMEAA is a liquid at room temperature, which provides stationary pressure conditions for better control of precursor transport. Analogous to the previously reported synthesis of (trimethylamine)trihydridoaluminum,4 the reaction of lithium tetrahydroaluminate(l —) with AT,AT-dimethyl-ethanaminium chloride in diethyl ether generates the stable liquid precursor DMEAA with high yield. 

N,N-Dimethylmescaline has been given the trivial name of Trichocerine as it has been found as a natural product in several cacti of the Trichocereus Genus but, interestingly, never in any Peyote variant. It also has proven inactive in man in dosages in excess of 500 milligrams, administered parenterally. This observation, the absence of activity of a simple tertiary amine, has been exploited in the development of several iodinated radiopharmaceuticals that are mentioned else-... 

Vitamins. The vitamins are natural organic compounds of considerable diversity that occur widely. The name derives from the Latin vita (life) and amin, a shortened form of amine. The name reflects the historical discovery of these substances, not all of which are amines. They are all of relatively low molecular weight, especially compared to peptides but in a range comparable to steroids. These substances are uniformly active and play various roles in biosynthesis and metabolism. The vitamins are too numerous to detail here but the most common examples are illustrated. They are classed using the common system, that is, water or fat soluble, depending on their approximate level of hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity. Their names are typically nonsystematic but the diversity of their structures requires that the trivial names be used. 

There are many trivial names for amines, especially those involving aromatic rings or where the nitrogen is part of a ring. Several important examples are the following ... 

Two of the compounds described here are 4-alkoxy homologs of mescaline. These have been prepared by the appropriate alkylation of syringaldehyde with either ethyl or propyl iodide followed by the formation of a nitrostyrene with nitromethane. These intermediates were then reduced with LAH to form the product amines 4-ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (1) and 4-propoxy-3,5-diimethoxy-phenethylamine (2), respectively. These products have been called escaline and proscaline in keeping with the well-established trivial name mescaline for the 4-methoxy counterpart. These reactions are shown in scheme I. 

The trivial name for 2,4,6-trinitroaniline is picramide, which tells us that it lacks basic character. Its properties are more like those of an amide than those of an amine. 

Acylation of 3-substituted indoles is more difficult, however 2-acetylation can be effected with the aid of boron trifluoride catalysis." " Indoles, with a carboxyl-containing side-chain acid at C-3, undergo intramolecular acylation forming cyclic 2-acylindoles." Intramolecular Vilsmeier processes, using tryptamine amides, have been used extensively for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-p-carbolines, a sub-structure found in many indole alkaloids (P-carboline is the widely used, trivial name for pyrido[3,4-fc]indole). Note that it is the imine, rather than a ketone, that is the final product the cyclic nature of the imine favours its retention rather than hydrolysis to amine plus ketone as in the standard Vilsmeier sequence " this ring closure is analogous to the Bischler-Napieralski synthesis of 3,4-dihydro-isoquinolines (9.15.1.7). 

When furfural is oxidized with chlorine or bromine in an aqueous acidic medium, a solution of hydrates of oxoglutaconaldehyde (XII-67), to which the trivial name endialone has been given, is formed in high yield. Endialone and ammonia or aliphatic amines give 3-hydroxy-2-pyridones (XII-68), usually in low yield. Endialone (XII-67) and sulfamic acid give XII-69 (43%) and XII-70 (31%), which are slowly transformed to XII-71 and XII- (R = H), respectively. 

Type of alcohols and amines involved Representatives Trivial names of some products... 

As was the case for the corresponding compounds containing oxygen (i.e., ethers) and sulfur (i.e., thioethers or sulfides) and as shown briefiy above, amines also occur both in acyclic and cyclic forms. Thus, compounds directly analogous to the common cyclic ethers and thioethers vide supra) are known and they are shown below. The trivial names that are most widely used for these amines, along with more systematic names, are provided. Generally, the common names will be used. 

Amines with sufficient vapor pressure are reported to have unpleasant odors. Some low-molecular-weight amines are reported to have an odor resembling ammonia by some and simply fishy by others. Putrefaction of proteins produces toxic materials (ptomaines), and the bis-primary amines 1,4-diaminobutane (H2NCH2CH2CH2CH2NH2, putrescine) and its homologue, 1,5-diaminopentane [H2N(CH2)5NH2, cadaverine], are materials whose trivial names announce their presence in the decaying matter and whose odors are considered so unpleasant that most humans avoid putrescent materials. 

An examination of the structures shows that they include complexes with NH3 and substituted chloride groups, i.e. cyclobutanedicarboxylato, and complexes substituted on the amine, i.e. 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, as well as a Pt(IV) complex. The systematic lUPAC names, along with abbreviations and trivial names, have been summarized [54]. This neces-... 

Most studies of micellar systems have been carried out on synthetic surfactants where the polar or ionic head group may be cationic, e.g. an ammonium or pyridinium ion, anionic, e.g. a carboxylate, sulfate or sulfonate ion, non-ionic, e.g. hydroxy-compound, or zwitterionic, e.g. an amine oxide or a carboxylate or sulfonate betaine. Surfactants are often given trivial or trade names, and abbreviations based on either trivial or systematic names are freely used (Fendler and Fendler, 1975). Many commercial surfactants are mixtures so that purity can be a major problem. In addition, some surfactants, e.g. monoalkyl sulfates, decompose slowly in aqueous solution. Some examples of surfactants are given in Table 1, together with values of the critical micelle concentration, cmc. This is the surfactant concentration at the onset of micellization (Mukerjee and Mysels, 1970) and can therefore be taken to be the maximum concentration of monomeric surfactant in a solution (Menger and Portnoy, 1967). Its value is related to the change of free energy on micellization (Fendler and Fendler, 1975 Lindman and Wennerstrom, 1980). 

---