Trivial alcohols

There are also a vast number of reactions known between alkoxides and non-trivial alcoholic reagents such as glycol, catechols, alkanolamines and hydroxylamines. The fundamental reaction involves elimination of alcohol, but with the reaction products complicated by the nature of chemistry of the other substituents.1... 

Unfortunately, in most cases not all the available information on a reaction is given in the reaction equation in a publication, and even less so in reaction databases. To obtain a fuller picture of the reaction that was performed, the text describing the experimental procedure in the publication or a lab journal) would have to be consulted. Reaction products that are considered as trivial, such as water, alcohol, ammonia, nitrogen, etc., are generally not included in the reaction equation or mentioned in the text describing the experimental work. This poses serious problems for the automatic identification of the reaction center. It is highly desirable to have the full stoichiometry of a reaction specified in the equation. 

Tablel.10 Retained Trivial Names of Alcohols and Phenols with Structures 1.24...

Both H and R can attack a ketone or aldehyde to give an alcohol. The main difference is the effect on the carbon skeleton. With H, the carbon skeleton does not change at all. But with R, the carbon skeleton gets larger. We are forming a C—C bond. We will soon see that this is very important for synthesis problems. For now, let s focus on how we can make R in the first place. After all, a negative charge on a carbon atom is not very stable (and therefore not trivial to make). 

The language used will be the Queen s English or that subset of it as approved by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). Where chemical names are concerned there are some lost causes, such as caustic soda, where little would be gained if those who clean factories called this substance sodium hydroxide. Arguably, the name caustic soda conveys more useful information. Similar lost causes are spirits of wine (ethyl alcohol or ethanol) and spirits of salts (hydrochloric acid). While lipid chemists may insist on referring to triacylglycerols many people in industry continue to refer to triglycerides. Similarly trivial names for fatty acids such as lauric will continue to be used. The principle in all of this is to use the proper name but to mention other names that are in common use. 

Most of the polymers are better known by their trivial names or trade names. Polymers prepared from single polymers are denoted by prefixing poly- to the name of the monomer, e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, Polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, etc. If the monomer has substituents or has a multi-worded name, the name of the monomer is enclosed in parenthesis after the prefix poly-, e.g., poly (methyl methacrylate), poly (vinyl alcohol), etc. Condensation polymers like that derived from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid are named as poly (ethylene terephthalate). 

Proteins crystallized from very low salt concentrations (examples are carboxypeptidase A and elastase) can often be treated exacdy like proteins crystallized from alcohol-water mixtures. Their low solubility in water allows them to be transferred from their normal mother liquor to a distilled water solution or to a solution of low (10-20%) alcohol concentration without disorder. It is advisable to carry out this transfer at near 0 C to further decrease the protein solubility. From this stage it is trivial to add alcohol while cooling, as described above. Complications arise, however, when the salt employed as a precipitant in the native mother liquor is insoluble in alcohols. The solution to this problem is to replace the salt by ammonium acetate at equivalent or higher ionic strength. Ammonium acetate is soluble up to 1 M in pure methanol, and is very soluble in nearly all alcohol-water mixtures, even at low temperature. It therefore provides a convenient substitute for salts such as sodium sulfate or sodium phosphate. 

Salicin is an (9-glycoside of a phenol, namely salicyl alcohol. Salicin is a natural antipyretic and analgesic found in willow bark, and is the template from which aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, see Box 7.13) was developed. Prunasin from cherry laurel is an example of a cyanogenic glycoside, hydrolysis of which leads to release of toxic HCN (see Box 7.7). It is the (9-glucoside of the alcohol mandelonitrile, the trivial name for the cyanohydrin of benzaldehyde. It is the further hydrolysis of mandelonitrile that liberates HCN. 

The first examples of NHC catalyzed transesterification reactions were described independently by Nolan and Hedrick in 2002 [133, 134], Transesterification reactions may appear trivial, but most methods are unselective between primary and secondary alcohols [135],... 

Analogous to the reactions of chiral alcohols, enantiomerically pure amines can be prepared by (D)KR of the racemate via enzymatic acylation. In the case of alcohols the subsequent hydrolysis of the ester product to the enantiomerically pure alcohol is trivial and is generally not even mentioned. In contrast, the product of enzymatic acylation of an amine is an amide and hydrolysis of an amide is by no means trivial, often requiring forcing conditions. 

The names of esters consist of two words that reflect their formation from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. According to the 1UPAC rule. Ihe alkyl or aryl group of the alcohol is cited first followed by the carboxylate group of the acid with the ending -ate replacing the -ic of the acid. For example. CHiCHiCOOCH, the methyl ester of propanoic acid, is called methyl propanoate (or methyl propionate, if the trivial name, propionic acid, is used for the carboxylic acid). 

Many trivial names persist, particularly for aromatic, or arene alcohols (phenols) ... 

Reaction CH2CH2OH + NAD —> CH3CHO + NADH + H Systematic Name alcohol NAD oxidoreductase (1.1.1.1.) Trivial Name alcohol dehydrogenase... 

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