Tripolyphosphate, formation

Sequestration forms the basis for detergent and water-treatment appHcations of polyphosphates. Sequestration of hardness ions by sodium tripolyphosphate used in detergent formulations prevents the precipitation of surfactants by the hardness ions. Sodium polyphosphate glass (SHMP) may be added to water system to prevent the formation of calcium or magnesium scales by reducing the activity of the hardness ions. However, if the ratio of cation to polyphosphate is too high at a given pH, insoluble precipitates such as may result instead of the soluble polyphosphate complexes. The... 

A simple example of gel formation is provided by chitosan tripolyphosphate and chitosan polyphosphate gel beads the pH-responsive swelling abihty, drug-release characteristics, and morphology of the gel bead depend on polyelectrolyte complexation mechanism and the molecular weight. The chitosan beads gelled in pentasodium tripolyphosphate or polyphosphoric acid solution by ionotropic cross-hnking or interpolymer complexation, respectively. 

However, it is not mandatory to prepare an emulsion in fact. Pan et al. [99] reported the identification of the formation conditions of the chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles, in terms of concentrations of chitosan and tripolyphosphate. They simply used a chitosan solution at pH 4 (4 ml, con-... 

Sodium tripolyphosphate, Na5P3O10, is the most important salt of the polyphosphoric acids. It is used in sulfonate detergents, in which it functions to complex with Ca2+ and Mg2+ (known as sequestering) to prevent the formation of insoluble soaps in hard water. 

In a few instances group activation is coupled to cleavage of ATP at C-5 presumably with formation of bound tripolyphosphate (PPP ). The latter is hydrolyzed to Pj and PPj and ultimately to three molecules of P. An example is the formation of S-adenosyl-methionine157 shown in Eq. 17-37. The reaction is a displacement on the 5 -methylene group of ATP by the sulfur atom of methionine. While the initial product may be enzyme-bound PPP , it is P and PP that are released from the enzyme, the P arising from the terminal phosphorus (P.,) of ATP.157 The S-adenosyl-methionine formed has the S configuration around the sulfur.158... 

Sodium trihydroxothioferrate(II), Na3FeS(OH)s, formation of, in preparation of potassium dithioferrate(III), 6 170 Sodium trimetaphosphimates, 6 80 Na3(P02NH)3, 1-hydrate, 6 99 4-hydrate, purification and acid hydrolysis of, for preparation of pentasodium diimidotri-phosphate, 6 105 Na3(P02NH)3-NaOH-7H20, 6 80 Sodium triphosphate (tripolyphosphate), 3 101 6-hydrate, 3 103... 

Another approach to reach delayed release from chitosan matrices are ionic interactions with polyanions. The formation of a polyelectrolyte complex membrane prevents early drug release. Via this method microcapsules can be formed between chitosan and alignate or even nanoparticles can be derived upon the complexation of chitosan with the polyanion tripolyphosphate. 

Starches have been chemically modified to improve their solution and gelling characteristics for food applications. Common modifications involve the cross linking of the starch chains, formation of esters and ethers, and partial depolymerization. Chemical modifications that have been approved in the United States for food use, involve esterification with acetic anhydride, succinic anhydride, mixed acid anhydrides of acetic and adipic acids, and 1-octenylsuccinic anhydride to give low degrees of substitution (d.s.), such as 0.09 [31]. Phosphate starch esters have been prepared by reaction with phosphorus oxychloride, sodium trimetaphosphate, and sodium tripolyphosphate the maximum phosphate d.s. permitted in the US is 0.002. Starch ethers, approved for food use, have been prepared by reaction with propylene oxide to give hydroxypropyl derivatives [31]. 

Silicon Fluoride 7783-61-1 Sodium Formate 141-53-7 Sodium Tripolyphosphate 7758-29-4... 

Wu Y, et al. Chitosan nanoparticle formation by ionic interaction between PEG-Chitosan and tripolyphosphate. Int J Pharm 2005 295 235-245. 

Alkaline flooding is also called caustic flooding. Alkalis used for in situ formation of surfactants include sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium orthosilicate, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium metaborate, ammonium hydroxide, and ammonium carbonate. In the past, the first two were used most often. However, owing to the emulsion and scaling problems observed in Chinese field applications, the tendency now is not to use sodium hydroxide. The dissociation of an alkali results in high pH. For example, NaOH dissociates to yield OH" ... 

Sodium xylenesulfonate, sodium cumenesulfonate Sodium citrate, sodium tripolyphosphate Enzymes (stain remover), borax (cleaning aid), sodium formate, calcium chloride (enzyme stabilizing system), hydrogen peroxide (bleach), soil release polymers (soil release), polyvinylpyrrolidone (dye transfer inhibition)... 

Sodium hexametaphosphate is one of a series of chain polymers termed polyphosphates, and threshold treatment using various members of the series has found extensive use in controlling calcium carbonate scale formation. Veale [1984] states that typically 5 mg/l of polyphosphate will inhibit the precipitation of 500 mg/l of CaCOy To control scale in sea water evaporation an additive mixture could include sodium tripolyphosphate, lignin sulphonates and an antifoaming agent. 

Sodium tripolyphosphate (NasPjOio) is used in many synthetic detergents to soften the water by complexing Mg " and Ca " ions. It also increases the efficiency of surfactants (wetting agents) that lower a liquid s surface tension. The K value for the formation of MgP30io is 4.0 X 10 . The reaction is... 

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