Triple liquid

Figure 3.17 Probability of survival of CH3CCI2F hydrate free samples plotted vs. the induction time. The triple liquid-water/hydrate/liquid-CF CC F equilibrium temperature is 281.6 K. The sample is cooled to 277.2 K (within 90 s), and held at this temperature until nucleation occurs and hydrate growth is detected. (Reproduced and modified from Ohmura, R., Ogawa, M., Yasuka, K., Mori, Y.J., J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 5289 (2003). With permission from the American Chemical Society.)...

COMBINED TRIPLE LIQUID FEED FOR 4-PASS TRAY G SINGLE LINE FEED, CENTER DISCHARGE, WITH BAFFLES FOR 2-PASS TRAY... 

Thermal conductivity is expressed in W/(m K) and measures the ease in which heat is transmitted through a thin layer of material. Conductivity of liquids, written as A, decreases in an essentially linear manner between the triple point and the boiling point temperatures. Beyond a reduced temperature of 0.8, the relationship is not at all linear. For estimation of conductivity we will distinguish two cases < )... 

Triple point temperature K Heat of fusion kJ/lc Heat of vaporization kJ/kg Liquid conductivity atr, W / (m-K) Liquid conductivity AtT W/(m-I0 Temperature Ti K Temperature h K... 

Triple point temperature Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Liquid conductivity at r, Liquid conductivity at Temperature Tx Temperature Tz... 

Triple point Heat of Heat of Liquid liquid Temperature Temperature... 

Molecular dynamics and density functional theory studies (see Section IX-2) of the Lennard-Jones 6-12 system determine the interfacial tension for the solid-liquid and solid-vapor interfaces [47-49]. The dimensionless interfacial tension ya /kT, where a is the Lennard-Jones molecular size, increases from about 0.83 for the solid-liquid interface to 2.38 for the solid-vapor at the triple point [49], reflecting the large energy associated with a solid-vapor interface. 

Referring to Fig. XVII-17, use handbook data to calculate the vapor pressure of O2 ordinary liquid at the melting point of the 6 phase. Comment on the result. Locate the 2D S-L-V triple point. 

Mdbius K, Lubitz W and Plato M 1989 Liquid-state ENDOR and TRIPLE resonance Advanced EPR in Biology and Biochemistry ed A J Hoff (Amsterdam Elsevier) ch 13, pp 441-99... 

At equilibrium, in order to achieve equality of chemical potentials, not only tire colloid but also tire polymer concentrations in tire different phases are different. We focus here on a theory tliat allows for tliis polymer partitioning [99]. Predictions for two polymer/colloid size ratios are shown in figure C2.6.10. A liquid phase is predicted to occur only when tire range of attractions is not too small compared to tire particle size, 5/a > 0.3. Under tliese conditions a phase behaviour is obtained tliat is similar to tliat of simple liquids, such as argon. Because of tire polymer partitioning, however, tliere is a tliree-phase triangle (ratlier tlian a triple point). For smaller polymer (narrower attractions), tire gas-liquid transition becomes metastable witli respect to tire fluid-crystal transition. These predictions were confinned experimentally [100]. The phase boundaries were predicted semi-quantitatively. 

To understand the conditions which control sublimation, it is necessary to study the solid - liquid - vapour equilibria. In Fig. 1,19, 1 (compare Fig. 1,10, 1) the curve T IF is the vapour pressure curve of the liquid (i.e., it represents the conditions of equilibrium, temperature and pressure, for a system of liquid and vapour), and TS is the vapour pressure curve of the solid (i.e., the conditions under which the vapour and solid are in equili-hrium). The two curves intersect at T at this point, known as the triple point, solid, liquid and vapour coexist. The curve TV represents the... 

The normal melting point of a substance is the temperature at which solid and hquid are in equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. At the triple point, the pressure is the equilibrium vapour pressure of the system (solid liquid - vapour) and the temperature differs from the melting point. The difference is, however, quite small—usually only a fraction of a degree—since the line TV departs only slightly from the vertical within reasonable ranges of pressure. 

The last isomerization is remarkable in that the triple bond can shift through a long carbon chain to the terminus, where it is fixed as the (kinetically) stable acetylide. The reagent is a solution of potassium diami no-propyl amide in 1,3-di-aminopropane. In some cases alkali metal amides in liquid ammonia car also bring about "contra-thermodynamic" isomerizations the reactions are successful only if the triple bond is in the 2-position. 

The working temperature, 77 K, is well below the triple point of krypton, 116 K, but if the solid is taken as the reference state the isotherm shows an unusually sharp upward turn at the high-pressure end. The usual practice, following Beebe, is therefore to take p° as the saturation vapour pressure of the supereooled liquid (p° = 2-49 Torr at 77-35 K and 27-5 Torr at 90-2 K). 

When the sample is a solid, a separation of the analyte and interferent by sublimation may be possible. The sample is heated at a temperature and pressure below its triple point where the solid vaporizes without passing through the liquid state. The vapor is then condensed to recover the purified solid. A good example of the use of sublimation is in the isolation of amino acids from fossil mohusk shells and deep-sea sediments. ... 

Liquid unless at triple point or otherwise indicated. To convert kPa to mm Hg, multiple by 7.5. 

Values recalculated into SI units from those of Din. Theimodynamic Functions of Gases, vol. 2, Butterworth, London, 1956. Above the solid line the condensed phase is solid below the line it is liquid, t = triple point c = critical point. 

Values extracted and in some cases rounded off from ttose cited in RaLinovict (ed.), Theimophysical Propeities of Neon, Ai gon, Kiypton and Xenon, Standards Press, Moscow, 1976. Ttis source contains values for tte compressed state for pressures up to 1000 bar, etc. t = triple point. Above tbe sobd line tbe condensed phase is solid below it, it is liquid. Tbe notation 5.646. signifies 5.646 X 10 . At 83.8 K, tbe viscosity of tbe saturated liquid is 2.93 X 10 Pa-s = 0.000293 Ns/ui . Tbis book was published in English translation by Hemisphere, New York, 1988 (604 pp.). 

Values of P and v interpolated and converted from tables in Vargaftik, Handbook of Theimophysical Propeities of Gases and Liquids, Hemisphere, Washington, and McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975. Values of h and s calculated from API tables published by the Thermodynamics Research Center, Texas A M University, College Station, t = triple point c = critical point. 

Reproduced and converted from Vasserman and Rabinovich, Theimophysical Fropeiiies of Liquid Aiiand Its Components, Standartov, Moscow, 1968 and Israel Program for Scientific Translations, TT 69-55092, 1970. t = triple point c = critical point. 

Vapor pressure is the most important of the basic thermodynamic properties affec ting liquids and vapors. The vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a pure component at equilibrium at any temperature when both liquid and vapor phases exist and thus extends from a minimum at the triple point temperature to a maximum at the critical temperature, the critical pressure. This section briefly reviews methods for both correlating vapor pressure data and for predicting vapor pressure of pure compounds. Except at very high total pressures (above about 10 MPa), there is no effect of total pressure on vapor pressure. If such an effect is present, a correction, the Poynting correction, can be applied. The pressure exerted above a solid-vapor mixture may also be called vapor pressure but is normallv only available as experimental data for common compounds that sublime. 

Liquid Heat Capacity The two commonly used liqmd heat capacities are either at constant pressure or at saturated conditions. There is negligible difference between them for most compounds up to a reduced temperature (temperature/critical temperature) of 0.7. Liquid heat capacity increases with increasing temperature, although a minimum occurs near the triple point for many compounds. 

The regression constants A, B, and D are determined from the nonlinear regression of available data, while C is usually taken as the critical temperature. The hquid density decreases approximately linearly from the triple point to the normal boiling point and then nonhnearly to the critical density (the reciprocal of the critical volume). A few compounds such as water cannot be fit with this equation over the entire range of temperature. Liquid density data to be regressed should be at atmospheric pressure up to the normal boihng point, above which saturated liquid data should be used. Constants for 1500 compounds are given in the DIPPR compilation. 

Liquid helium-4 can exist in two different liquid phases liquid helium I, the normal liquid, and liquid helium II, the superfluid, since under certain conditions the latter fluid ac4s as if it had no viscosity. The phase transition between the two hquid phases is identified as the lambda line and where this transition intersects the vapor-pressure curve is designated as the lambda point. Thus, there is no triple point for this fluia as for other fluids. In fact, sohd helium can only exist under a pressure of 2.5 MPa or more. 

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