Trinitrotoluene density

The enthalpy ol formation of trinitrotoluene (TNT) is —67 kj-mol", and the density of TNT is 1.65 g-cm-3. In principle, it could be used as a rocker fuel, with the gases resulting from its decomposition streaming out of the rocket to give the required thrust. In practice, of course, it would be extremely dangerous as a fuel because it is sensitive to shock. Explore its potential as a rocket fuel by calculating its enthalpy density (enthalpy released per liter) for the reaction... 

TNT, trinitrotoluene UN, urea nitrate TAdD, theoretical maximum density. 

AN, ammonium nitrate DMNB, 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane 2,4-DNT EGDN, ethylene glycol dinitrate HMX, C4H8N8O8 NG, nitroglycerin NM PETN, pentaerythritol tetranitrate RDX, C3H6N6O6 TATP, triacetone triperoxide TNT, trinitrotoluene UN, urea nitrate TMD, theoretical maximum density. 

Fia 6 Effect of A on shock sensitivity of various explosives. NQ-f is low-bulk-density nitroguanidine with hollow-needle crystals of about 5 n diam X 60-65 it long. NQ-h is the high-bulk-density material made up of solid particles of about GO-65 n diam. DATB, TNT, and Tetryl are, respectively, dia-minotrinitrobenzene, trinitrotoluene and trinitro-phenylmethylnitramine. RDX is cyclotrimethyl-enetrinitramine which contains 2.5% lubricant. Measurements were carried out with a standardized test (Ref 16) in which a 3.65-cm-diam test explosive confined in 0.55-cm-thick steel is the acceptor and polymethyl methacrylate is the gap material MGl = NCro filt ro uasiM i ... 

T. Urbanski investigated its explosive power in a manometric bomb at a density of 0.05 and found it to be more powerful than trinitrotoluene (by about 46%) ... 

The specific gravity of trinitrotriazidobenzene is 1.8054. Under a pressure of 3000 kg/cm2 it gives a density of 1.751 and under 5000 kg/cm2 the density achieved is 1.7526. A pressure higher than 300 kg/cm2 may make it dead pressed . 0.02 g of the substance compressed under the pressure of 300 kg/cm2 detonates trinitrotoluene, and 0.01 g detonates tetryl. It is therefore one of the most vigorous initiators. 

Illustrative Example 11.4 Estimating the Retardation of Trinitrotoluene Transport in Groundwater Problem Due to past munitions production and use, the explosive NAC, trinitrotoluene (TNT), occurs in a ground water at 0.1 pM. You need to evaluate this compound s mobility in this oxic aquifer knowing it has the characteristics shown below. Mineralogy 75% quartz, 20% feldspar, 5% illite, 0.2% organic matter (NOM) Density of aquifer material ps = 2.6 kg L"1... 

Although successfully carried out with model compounds, the cyclopentyl i dene acetal here could not be hydrolyzed selectively in the presence of the other protecting groups. Selective deprotection occurred only upon addition of trinitrotoluene, which us a more electron-deficient aromalic system forms a charge-transfer complex with the electron rich aromalic portion of the PMPh acetal. The charge-transfer complex decreases the electron density of the acetal and thus increases its stability, presumably due to reduced stabilization of cation 38 In this way it proved possible to release the alcohol functions at C-12 and C-13 selectively with acid. 

Heberiein, Density Changes of Alpha-Trinitrotoluene from 77° to 273° K , Rept No USAMERDC-2112, US Army Mobility Equipment Res Dev Center, Ft. Belvoir (1974) (Limited distrib) 53) Omit 54) Ibid, Dielectric Changes in Alpha-Trinitrotoluene , Rept... 

Density Changes in Crystalline Alpha-Trinitrotoluene from 280° to 340 K , Kept No USAMER DC-2202, US Army Mobility Equipment Res Dev Center, Ft Belvoir (1976) (Limited distrib) 61) Anon, US Mil Spec MIL-T-248C (1974) with Int Amendment I (PA) (1976) 62) P.L. Lagus et al, Proplnts ... 

For example, for trinitrotoluene of density 1.637 g/cm and detonation velocity 6.942 km/s. Deal (1957) found that the dependence of the ffee-surface velocity of the aluminum plate on the plate thickness (d) is... 

Since the test results are influenced mostly by the quality of the steel witness plate, it is necessary to calibrate the plates for every batch. Trinitrotoluene of 1.60 g/cm density is usually taken as a standard explosive for the calibration. For pressed trinitrotoluene charges whose density ranges from 1.58 to 1.64 g/cm, the linear dependency between the depth of the dent (hi) and the density has been determined by Smith (1967) ... 

For the determination of the relative value of the brisance (or percentage brisance), a trinitrotoluene having density of 1.63 g/cm is used as a reference explosive. In that case, the depth of the dent calculated according to Eq. (5.65) equals 6.706 mm. 

Boron-doped diamond presents another attractive material with low and stable background current and noise over a wide potential range, corrosion resistance, high thermal conductivity, and high current densities. Usually no mechanical or electrochemical pretreatment of BDD film electrode is needed. Therefore, BDD film electrodes find use also in the area of environmental analysis for organic explosive determinations. BDD-based electrochemical detector allowed, e.g., amperometric detection of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 1,3-dinitrobenzene, and 2,4-dinitrotoluene over the 200-1,400 ppb range, with detection limits at the 100 ppb level. ... 

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