Dielectric changes

Now let X be the intensity of the field which the charges q would produce if there were a vacuum between the plates, and let dX be the increment that would be produced by the addition of the charges dq. Then in the step (a) the increment in the intensity of the field is equal to dX, even when the dielectric is present, since in the dielectric nothing has been allowed to move. The free energy of the dielectric changes by the amount — P dX. 

Heberiein, Density Changes of Alpha-Trinitrotoluene from 77° to 273° K , Rept No USAMERDC-2112, US Army Mobility Equipment Res Dev Center, Ft. Belvoir (1974) (Limited distrib) 53) Omit 54) Ibid, Dielectric Changes in Alpha-Trinitrotoluene , Rept... 

Anomaly portals detect an irregularity caused by the bulk explosive (or other contraband) and its location on the person and then provide visual information to the operator. Anomaly portals detect masses of objects (i.e., guns and knives), including explosives, concealed beneath clothing but external to the body. To detect these masses, some anomaly portals utilize imaging techniques such as X-rays or millimeter waves to provide visual information. Another anomaly portal uses dielectric changes to detect masses. Currently, anomaly portals do not identify the particular explosive (a chemical characteristic) or other type of contraband. Operators interpret the data provided by the portal to make a judgment about the source of the alarm. 

One can extend this estimation of dielectric change to that needed to explain the entire range of velocities observed by Maret et al.l The very driest samples had a velocity of 3700 m/s and the wettest a velocity of 1800 m/s. If we assume the driest in A conformation and the wettest in B conformation, this entire range requires a change in dielectric constant by a factor of twenty. 

The capacitance may change with temperature not only because the dimensions of the capacitor change but also because the permittivity of the dielectric changes. To gain some insight into the sources of the variation in permittivity with temperature, the Clausius-Mosotti equation (Eq. (2.88)) can be differentiated with respect to temperature to give... 

Dopp E, Jonas L, Nebe B, et al. 2000. Dielectric changes in membrane properties and cell interiors of human mesothelial cells in vitro after crocidolite asbestos exposure. Environ Health Perspect 108(2) 153-158. 

We begin by assuming, for sinq>lidty, that the isotropic dielectric changes its volume isotropically under the influence of the fidd, mthout imder-going any change in shape, i.e. that its deformation can be dealt vrith as bdng a uniform, hydrostatic expansion or coinpression. On this assiunption,... 

Examination of complexation in such systems through spectroscopic means seems appropriate. The author believes that with such an approach a comparison of complexation properties in the solution and exchanger phases would be most useful and informative. All spectral peaks common to both phases were expected to permit a meaningful comparison of nonideality terms in the resin and solution phases to show the influence of dielectric change " in the exchanger phase introduced by the organic content of the ion-exchanger three-dimensional matrix. 

Methanol and other solvents Dielectric changes solubility... 

In order to achieve useful devices, it is important that during the shelf-life and operating life of devices, the dielectrics maintain their integrity. The mechanisms of failure include charging of the dielectric, changes in dielectric resistivity/dielectric constant over time, and shorting of the dielectric. 

Moisture in solids such as wood, foods, and textiles can be measured. However, such determinations are more often made by instruments designed to directly measure the dielectric changes between two parallel plates of a condenser. 

Most discrete MTP implementations are similar in many respects, e.g., limited expansion up to order 2-4, spherical harmonic description, interaction calculation in the atoms local frames. Hence, what distinguishes these force fields and implementations from each other is primarily in how they treat the other interaction terms. Most importantly, static multipoles only consist of a first-order perturbation of the electrostatic operator. Describing second-order effects leads to polarizability—the charge density s ability to respond to an external electric field—a critical aspect of certain systems (e.g., dielectric changes) [62-64]. Here, possible implementations are ordered in terms of increased overall accuracy (and thus computational investment and larger parametrization effort). Given the heavy requirements of such refined force fields, it is important to point out that "more is not always better," and each system of interest will call for a fine balance of accuracy and statistical sampling. 

Radar records changes in the dielectric constants associated with the concrete/air phase change. However, the radar also senses the dielectric changes at the steel concrete interface, the presence of water and, to a small amount, chlorides. This makes interpretation of radar images a difficult process. In North America the main use of radar and infrared has been for bridge deck surveys with vehicle mounted systems. In Europe and the... 

The work presented here indicates that the dielectric change of the overall system can alter the energy filtering in the cell. Some specific deductions can be made as follows ... 

The double-primed letters in reaction 2 (a", b", c", d", and e") denote covalent bond formation after an activation process (indicated by the corresponding single-primed letters). This activation process may be the enzyme-catalyzed step in C (fcs or k. = k t) or it may be a physical or chemical activation step in A, B, D, and E. In principle, many such activation processes (pH, temperature, dielectric changes) should apply here, but most of them have the disadvantage of drastically perturbing... 

We were able to prepare low Tg blends with relatively high dielectric constants, which could be modulated reversibly by voltage variation. Dielectric changes in the range of 3-5% were observed as a function of voltage and such effects were... 

If the polarization a dielectric changes under the influence of an external stress X, such material is called a piezoelectric and the piezoelectric d constaiu is defined by... 

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