Trichomonas spp

A few salts of bismuth such as bismuth subcarbonate, subgallate, subnitrate and subsalicylate or milk of bismuth, find use in the treatment of nonspecific diarrhea and for skin protectants [9]. However, their use in the chemotherapy of parasitic diseases is limited. The only noteworthy example is glycobiarsol (Id), an anhydride of a bismuth oxide and phenylarsonic acid, which has been found to be active against Entamoeba and Trichomonas spp. [8]. 

Compound 19 was found to be 5 times more potent than metronidazole (22), but was dropped due to its high toxicity [20,21]. Similarly misonidazole was equipo-tent to metronidazole against Trichomonas spp. and . histolytica [22]. Radanil, on the other hand, exhibited promising trypanosomicidal activity, particularly against Chaga s disease [20]. 

Trypanosomatids, as well as G. lamblia and Trichomonas spp. lack xanthine oxidase and therefore uric acid, another free radical scavenger, is absent. In contrast, a xanthine oxidase activity has been reported in Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (37). There are no reports of the presence of vitamin E and / -carotene in parasites. 

Berberine possesses antimicrobial activity against bacterial [13, 94-96], fungal [97], protozoan [98, 99], and viral [100-102] infections. In vitro studies have shown that berberine is effective against Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis [98, 103], Candida spp. [97, 104], Plasmodium falciparum [99], Staphylococcus aureus [95, 105, 106], influenza virus [100], human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [107], human cytomegalovirus [101], herpes simplex virus, [102] Chlamydia trachomatis [105], Helicobacter pylori [96], and Leish-mania donovani [99]. 

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