Trialkylamine

The primary use for 2,4-di-/ f2 -butylphenol is in the production of substituted triaryl phosphites. 2,4-Di-/ f2 -butylphenol reacts with phosphoms trichloride typically using a trialkylamine or quaternary ammonium salt as the catalyst. Hydrogen chloride is formed and either complexed with the amine or Hberated as free hydrogen chloride gas forming the phosphite ester, tris(2,4-di-/ f2 -butylphenyl)phosphite [31570-04-4] (58). The phosphite-based on... 

The base-promoted closure of decaborane(14) yields salts of the [B qH q] anion (eq. 34). Relatively strong Lewis bases, such as trialkylamines, are required to accomplish this reaction as weaker bases, such as diethylsulfide and acetonitrile, form stable 6,9-L2B2qH22 species where L = (C2H )2S, H CCN, etc (90). 

Amine Boranes. Trialkylamine and dialkylamine boranes, such as tri-Z-butylamine borane and dimethylamine borane, are mainly used in... 

Water-emulsifiable vehicles contain emulsifiers that may act as plasticizers after film formation, affecting the hardness. Water-soluble vehicles usually contain a neutralizing amine, the primary purpose of which is to solubihze the resin. These amines can influence the drying properties as they tend to complex the metal drier, thus affecting the catalytic activity. Acceptable results are usually obtained with trialkylamines such as dim ethyl eth a n o1 amine, trimethyl amine, and aminomethylpropan o1 (7). 

In principle, the quaternization reactions are extremely simple the amine (or phosphine) is mixed with the desired haloalkane, and the mixture is then stirred and heated. The following section refers to the quaternization of l-alkylimidazoles, as these are the most common starting materials. The general techniques are similar, however, for other amines such as pyridine [9], isoquinoline [10], 1,8-diazabi-cyclo[5,4,0]-7-undecene [11], 1-methylpyrrolidine [12], and trialkylamines [13], as... 

The deprotonation of the (1-oxopropyl) group of these compounds is achieved either by treatment with lithium dialkylamides or by the use of dialkylboron triflates in the presence of trialkylamines. In each case, exclusive generation of the corresponding (Z)-cnoiate results. 

Melt reaction mechanisms of tertiary aliphatic amine catalyzed phenolic-epoxy reactions were proposed to begin with a trialkylamine abstracting a phenolic hydroxyl proton to form an ion pair (Fig. 7.36). The ion pair was suggested to complex with an epoxy ring, which then dissociated to form a /1-hydroxycther and a regenerated trialkylamine.87... 

Reference 81 describes the use of a salt prepared from a trialkylamine or tris(hydroxyalkyl)amine and sulfonated C8-C20 a-olefins together with a sulfobetaine in a stable liquid detergent having a high content of dissolved electrolytes. These liquid detergents are useful for hair, hands, and clothing. 

Trialkylamin-Borane Iassen sich durch Flydrierung von Borsaure-estern in einem Trialkylamin in Gegenwart von aktiviertem Aluminium und Aluminiumchlorid als Katalysator herstellen7 (s. Bd. VI/2, S. 320). 

Today microemulsions are used in catalysis, preparation of submicron particles, solar energy conversion, extraction of minerals and protein, detergency and lubrication [58]. Most studies in the field of basic research have dealt with the physical chemistry of the systems themselves and only recently have microemulsions been used as a reaction medium in organic synthesis. The reactions investigated to date include nucleophilic substitution and additions [59], oxidations [59-61], alkylation [62], synthesis of trialkylamines [63], coupling of aryl halides [64], nitration of phenols [65], photoamidation of fluoroolefins [66] and some Diels-Alder reactions. 

Another catalytic application emanating from the Hieber base reaction was developed by Reppe and Vetter [108]. They showed that 1-propanol 126 could be generated by treatment of ethylene 125 with catalytic amounts of Fe(CO)5 78 under CO-pressure and basic reaction conditions (Scheme 33). Thereby, trimethylamine and V-alkylated amino acid derivatives mrned out to be optimal bases for this reaction. Like ethylene 125, propylene could be transferred mainly to 1-butanol diolefins like butadiene only reacted to monoalcohols. By employing these reaction conditions to olefins in the presence of ammonia, primary or secondary amines, mono-, di-, and trialkylamines were obtained whose alkyl chains were elongated with one carbon atom, compared to the olefins. 

Auch andere Diamine, wie Tetramethyl-athv lendiamin, konnen bei diesem Verfahren verwendet werden (3), nicht jedoch Trialkylamine, da die Addukte A1H3-NR3 (R = CH3, C2H5) im Gegensatz zu den obigen Amina-ten leicht unter H2-Entwicklung bei erhohter Temperatur zerfallen (223). 

The commercial extractants currently used fall into the following categories 297 a-hydroxy-ketox-imes, phenolic-oximes,298 dialkylsulfides, esters of pyridine mono and di-carboxylic acids,299- 1 alkyl derivatives of 8-hydroxyquinoline,79,302,303 trialkylamines,304,305 alkyl derivatives of aniline,306 aliphatic ethers, and ketones.307-309... 

The blue color is attributed to the solvated electron. The blue solutions react with ketones to form highly colored substances resembling the metal ketyls formed by reaction with the alkali metals. The blue solutions decompose into trialkylamine and hydrocarbon on standing at the boiling point of liquid ammonia. 

The 3M company uses electrochemical fluorination (ECF) technology for the production of over lOOt/year perfluorocarboxylic acid, sulphonic acids, alkanes, trialkylamines, alkyl ethers [48]. 

The Brellochs reaction represents a significant breakthrough in monocarbaborane chemistry, the exploration of which was previously limited by multistep routes. For example, the important carborane anion CBnFI12 can now be made in two steps with an overall yield of 66%.88 Its synthesis previously required three steps involving undesirable compounds such as hydrogen cyanide, dimethylsulfate, and trialkylamine. (COMC (1982) 5.4.2.6.2) The arachno-cztbotznc... 

Surfactant markers were analysed by Chalaux et al. in marine sediments and sewage sludges [30] from California. The compounds investigated included APEO metabolites A9PEO1, A9PE02 and NP, as well as linear alkylbenzenes (LAB) and trialkylamines (TAM), which are residues of anionic and cationic surfactants, respectively. Sediment cores were collected up to 60 km offshore. 

The electron transfer reaction of excited benzophenone and trialkylamines has been applied to design photochemical cells54. 

Typ der Trialkylamine als auch dem des Pyridins beobachtet. Beim Isochinolin fiihrt die Hauptreaktion zu einer neuartigen Verbindung, deren Konstitution noch nicht mit Sicherheit ermittelt werden konnte. 

Another approach to isolate the catalyst from the products is the application of perfluorinated catalytic systems, dissolved in fluorinated media [63], which are not non-miscible with the products and some commonly used solvents for catalysis like THE or toluene at ambient temperature. Typical fluorinated media include perfluorinated alkanes, trialkylamines and dialkylethers. These systems are able to switch their solubility properties for organic and organometallic compounds based on changes of the solvation ability of the solvent by moving to higher temperatures. This behavior is similar to the above-mentioned thermomorphic multiphasic PEG-modified systems [65-67]. 

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