Trialkylamines, perfluorinated

Another approach to isolate the catalyst from the products is the application of perfluorinated catalytic systems, dissolved in fluorinated media [63], which are not non-miscible with the products and some commonly used solvents for catalysis like THE or toluene at ambient temperature. Typical fluorinated media include perfluorinated alkanes, trialkylamines and dialkylethers. These systems are able to switch their solubility properties for organic and organometallic compounds based on changes of the solvation ability of the solvent by moving to higher temperatures. This behavior is similar to the above-mentioned thermomorphic multiphasic PEG-modified systems [65-67]. 

As an analog to the term aqueous, the term fluorous was introduced to highlight the fact that one of the phases of a biphasic system is richer in fluorocarbons than the other [34]. Perfluorinated alkanes, dialkyl ethers, and trialkylamines have unusual... 

Perfluorinated alkanes, dialkyl ethers, and trialkylamines are unusual because of their nonpolar nature and low intermolecular forces. Their miscibility, even with common organic solvents such as toluene, THF, acetone, and alcohols, is low at room temperature, so these materials could form fluorous biphase systems [2]. The term fluorous was introduced [4, 5], as the analog to the term aqueous, to emphasize the fact that one of the phases of a biphase system is richer in fluorocarbons than the other. Fluorous biphase systems can be used in stoichiometric... 

The characteristic of fluorous phase operation is (like using supercritical carbon dioxide see Chapter 6) that the catalysts have to be made fluorous-soluble by incorporating fluorocarbon moieties in their structure in appropripate size and number (Figure 10). The most effective fluorocarbon moieties are linear or branched perfluoralkyl chains with high carbon numbers that may contain other heteroatoms (the fluorous ponytails ). The best fluorous solvents are perfluorinated alkanes, perfluorinated dialkyl ethers, and perfluorinated trialkylamines [28, 39). 

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