Treatment of poisoning caused

MODERN APPROACHES TO MEDICAL TREATMENT OF POISONING CAUSED BY NEUROPARALITIC ANTICHOLINESTERASE COMPOUNDS... 

Department of the Army. Treatment of Poisoning Caused by Chemical Agents of the G-Series. 19 Mar 1948. Washington, DC HQ, DA Technical Bulletin Chemical Warfare 34. 

Treatment. Treatment of poisoning from soluble barium salts may be preventive or curative (47,51). Preventive treatment involves inhibition of intestinal absorption by administering such soluble sulfates as magnesium or sodium, causing precipitation of barium sulfate in the alimentary tract. 

The treatment of poisoning by local anesthetics should begin with prevention and the selection, dosage, and technique of the administration gross errors and carelessness have caused many deaths. The previous administration of a sedative, especially of the barbituric series, diminishes the risk by suppressing the convulsions and their interference with respiration, so that animals survive one and a half to four times the ordinary fatal dose of cocaine or procaine if administered hypodermically. 

Department of Health, UK report (2003). Blain, P., Treatment of poisoning by selected chemical compounds. First Report. Expert Group on the management of chemical casualties caused by terrorist activity. Department of Health, UK, 1-43. 

Department of Health (2003). Treatment of Poisoning by Selected Chemical Compounds - Blain Report (First Report by Expert Group on the Management of Chemical Casualties Caused by Terrorist Activity), October 2003 (http //www.dh.gov.uk/Pub-licationsAndStatistics/Publications/Publications PolicyAndGuidance/PublicationsPAmpGBrows-able Document/fs/en CONTENT JD=4094986 chk= V5T%2BZB). London, UK Department of Health. 

Acute barbiturate toxicity is characterized by automatism, or a state of drug-induced confusion, in which patients lose track of how much medication they have taken and take more. Death results from respiratory failure. The treatment of poisoning consists of supporting respiration, prevention of hypotension, as well as diuresis, hemodialysis and, in the event of phenobarbital poisoning, the administration of sodium bicarbonate. Tolerance does not develop from lethal doses. The abrupt withdrawal from barbiturates may cause tremors, restlessness, anxiety, weakness, nausea and vomiting, seizures, delirium, and cardiac arrest. 

Diphenoxylate is an opiate (schedule V) with antidiarrheal properties. It is usually dispensed with atropine and sold as Lomotil. The atropine is added to discourage the abuse of diphenoxylate by narcotic addicts who are tolerant to massive doses of narcotic but not to the CNS stimulant effects of atropine. Diphenoxylate shonld be used cautiously in patients with obstructive jaundice because of its potential for hepatic coma, and in patients with diarrhea cansed by pseudomembranous colitis because of its potential for toxic megacolon. In addition, it should be used cautiously in the treatment of diarrhea caused by poisoning or by infection by Shigella, Salmonella, and some strains of E. coli because expulsion of intestinal contents may be a protective mechanism. Diphenoxylate should be used with extreme caution in patients with impaired hepatic function, cirrhosis, advanced hepatorenal disease, or abnormal liver function test results, because the drug may precipitate hepatic coma. Because diphenoxylate is structurally related to meperidine, it may cause hypertension when combined with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. As a narcotic, it will augment the CNS depressant effects of alcohol, hypnotic-sedatives, and numerous other drugs, such as neuroleptics or antidepressants that cause sedation. 

EDTA, its sodium salt (edetate disodium, Na2EDTA), and a number of closely related compounds chelate many divalent and trivalent metals. The cation used to make a water-soluble salt of EDTA has an important role in the toxicity of the chelator. Na2EDTA causes hypocalcemic tetany. However, edetate calcium disodium (CaNa2EDTA) can be used for treatment of poisoning by metals that have higher affinity for the chelating agent than does Ca. ... 

Systemically administered ethanol is confined to the treatment of poisoning by methyl alcohol and ethylene glycol. Treatment consists of sodium bicarbonate to combat acidosis, hemodialysis, and the administration of ethanol, which slows the formation of methanol s metabolites, formaldehyde and formic acid, by competing with methanol for metabolism by ADH (Figure 22-1). Formic acid causes nerve damage its effects on the retina and optic nerve can cause blindness. 

Treatment of biotoxin caused poisoning and pathological conditions with AC. 

Many synthetic corticoids have been developed that are even more potent than thett natural analogues. Synthetic corticoids are used in the treatment of rashes caused by poison oak, poison ivy, and eczema as well as inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, arthritis, and asthma. 

Kaolin is distributed worldwide in nature, but is frequently contaminated with impurities, and must be purified for use in pharmaceuticals. It is used alone or as a mixture with pectin. It is of value primarily in the treatment of diarrhea caused by agents capable of being adsorbed, such as diarrhea caused by dysentery or food poisoning. 

Zinc sulfate is prepared by reacting metallic zinc or zinc oxide with diluted sulfuric acid It has use as an astringent, emetic, and a weak antiseptic. Its antiseptic and astringint properties made it a valuable agent for use as an aqueous based eyewash for the treatment of conjimctivitis caused by Morax-Axenfeld bacillus, although it has been replaced by antibiotics for this purpose. It may be applied to the skin in lotion form, as in White Lotion USP, for the treatment of acne, poison ivy, and impetigo. 

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