Transsexuality /transsexualism

Hirsutism is common in patients taking androgens, and is often irreversible (62,63). In contrast, in women, loss of scalp hair can occur (64). Of 81 female-to-male transsexual subjects, mean age 37 years (range 21-61), treated with testosterone esters (n = 61 250 mg intramuscularly every 2 weeks) or testosterone undecanoate (n = 20 160-240 mg/day orally), 31 developed male-pattern baldness thinning of the hair was related to the duration of androgen administration and was present in about half of the transsexuals after 13 years (65). 

Giltay EJ, Toorians AW, Sarabdjitsingh AR, de Vries NA, Gooren LJ. Established risk factors for coronary heart disease are unrelated to androgen-induced baldness in female-to-male transsexuals. J Endocrinol 2004 180(1) 107-12. 

Chastre J, Basset F, Viau F, Dournovo P, Bouchama A, Akesbi A, Gibert C. Acute pneumonitis after subcutaneous injections of silicone in transsexual men. N Engl J Med 1983 308(13) 764-7. 

Brinkman-Van der Linden, C.M., Havenaar, E.C., Van Ommen, C.R., Van Kamp, G.J., Gooren, L.J. and Van Dijk, W. (1996) Oral estrogen treatment induces a decrease in expression of sialyl Lewis x on alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in females and male-to-female transsexuals. Glycobiology, 6,407 142. 

Gender identity disorder (transsexual Female Male... 

In Britain, too, the medical establishment is solidifying its marriage to the state. In July 1999, the British Medical Association proposed that in order to increase the number of donated organs, everyone should be assumed to be a donor unless they opted out. 55 With body ownership vested in the state, it is reasonable that the state should decide what counts as disease and treatment. In July 1999, a three-judge Court of Appeals panel in Britain ruled that the National Flealth Service (NFiS) wrongly regarded transsexualism as a state of... 

In Part II, we consider some of the postnatal costs of those influences and examine the strong evidence that the prenatal environment is related to various behavioral dysfunctions or anomalies and to deficits in intelligence. The chapters in this part cover fetal alcohol disorders, transsexuality, developmental disabilities such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, and psychosis, as well as the emotional frameworks that give rise to a few other mental disorders. The important question of individual IQ is also addressed, including the controversies about its measurement in IQ tests (what are such tests Do their scores signify anything How is their reputed significance used ) and the extent to which the prenatal environment comes into play in the variance of IQ. 

Apart from the fact that she s attractive and she may be overdressed, nothing seems special about Marcia. But the reality is she has a secret, a secret covered by her clothes. At the joining of her thighs, Marcia has the genitals of a male. She s a transsexual, an individual born with the genitals of one sex and the psychological attitudes of the other sex. 

Marcia has no confusion about her identity. She looks at herself as a woman she thinks of herself as a woman, she knows she s a woman. She will soon have sex reassignment surgery, a new genital construction, and she will complete her change to a male-to-female transsexual. 

Marcia is one of about 10,000 American male-to-female transsexuals.1 The number of parallel female-to-male transsexuals in the United States is much less, about 3000 in the American population.2 Not all transsexuals choose to undergo surgery to make a complete genital transition. That s about all the choice involved. The mismatch between genital identity and psychological identity was never chosen by Marcia. 

Recent studies of the brains of transsexual men reveal that an important old brain structure involved in sexual behavior has in these men the same histological characteristics as the structure found in females.7 The characteristics are not influenced by hormones found in the adult. It seems that gender identity, like sexuality, develops as a result of an interaction between the developing brain and sex hormones. 

At age 30, J began living as a man by acquiring a male name and binding her chest. At age 32, J began transsexual hormonal treatment and at age 34 underwent chest reconstruction surgery. Meanwhile, L was living life as a woman. She married. She had her first child at age 20 and her 8th child at age 35. 

What is important for us to understand is that the gender of the brain can be pushed by hormones in one direction while the sexuality of the genitals is pushed in another direction. The various interdependent hormones active during development comprise a complex system of chemical messengers—and the system is vulnerable to environmental impacts. For example, the insecticide dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), in wide use since the 1960s, may be involved in the world-wide increase in the prevalence of transsexuals and homosexuals.12 The impact... 

The first situation involves a pair of identical (monozygotic) twins in which one twin is homosexual and the other twin heterosexual.16 Since the genomes of such twins are identical, such a difference in sexual orientation cannot be explained by a difference in inherited genomes. I ve already discussed similar cases of transsexuality discordance in monozygotic twins. 

Segal, N. L. (2006). Two monozygotic twin pairs discordant for female-to-male transsexualism. Arch. Sex. Behav. 35 347—358. 

Soft tissue augmentation using liquid silicone, which was initially thought to be inert, provoking little local or no systemic response, has increased and various adverse reactions have been reported, in some cases months or even years after initial exposure. For example, male-to-female transsexual patient who had received liquid silicon hip injections for cosmetic augmentation developed silicon-induced granulomas causing hypercalcemia and subsequent renal failure years after the injection [64 ]. 

The creation of a phallus has been associated with multiple surgical problems, and efforts are ongoing to improve the function and appearance. The older, insensate phallus shrivelled, and efforts to provide stiffness were associated with fistula formation and cutaneous erosions. Generally the initial desire of female-to-male transsexuals is not a functional phallus, but to void while standing in the men s bathroom to elude this closure. Most patients express only a desire for a good appearance in swimsuits, while only some transsexuals would like to be able to use the phallus sexually. 

Hage JJ, Bloem JJ, Suliman HM (1993) Review of the literature on techniques for phalloplasty with emphasis on the applicability in female-to-male transsexuals. J Urol... 

Karim RB, Hage JJ, Mulder JW (1996) Neovaginoplasty in male transsexuals review of surgical techniques and recommendations regarding eligibility. Ann Plast Surg 37 669-675... 

Liguori G, Trombetta C, Buttazzi L, Belgrano E (2001) Acute peritonitis due to introital stenosis and perforation of a bowel neovagina in a transsexual. Obstet Gynecol 97 828-829... 

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