Male-to-female transsexuals

Brinkman-Van der Linden, C.M., Havenaar, E.C., Van Ommen, C.R., Van Kamp, G.J., Gooren, L.J. and Van Dijk, W. (1996) Oral estrogen treatment induces a decrease in expression of sialyl Lewis x on alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in females and male-to-female transsexuals. Glycobiology, 6,407 142. 

Marcia has no confusion about her identity. She looks at herself as a woman she thinks of herself as a woman, she knows she s a woman. She will soon have sex reassignment surgery, a new genital construction, and she will complete her change to a male-to-female transsexual. 

Marcia is one of about 10,000 American male-to-female transsexuals.1 The number of parallel female-to-male transsexuals in the United States is much less, about 3000 in the American population.2 Not all transsexuals choose to undergo surgery to make a complete genital transition. That s about all the choice involved. The mismatch between genital identity and psychological identity was never chosen by Marcia. 

Soft tissue augmentation using liquid silicone, which was initially thought to be inert, provoking little local or no systemic response, has increased and various adverse reactions have been reported, in some cases months or even years after initial exposure. For example, male-to-female transsexual patient who had received liquid silicon hip injections for cosmetic augmentation developed silicon-induced granulomas causing hypercalcemia and subsequent renal failure years after the injection [64 ]. 

Anti-inflammatory, treatments for rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, skin allergies Support of pregnancy, treatment of male to female transsexuals... 

Hirsutism is common in patients taking androgens, and is often irreversible (62,63). In contrast, in women, loss of scalp hair can occur (64). Of 81 female-to-male transsexual subjects, mean age 37 years (range 21-61), treated with testosterone esters (n = 61 250 mg intramuscularly every 2 weeks) or testosterone undecanoate (n = 20 160-240 mg/day orally), 31 developed male-pattern baldness thinning of the hair was related to the duration of androgen administration and was present in about half of the transsexuals after 13 years (65). 

Giltay EJ, Toorians AW, Sarabdjitsingh AR, de Vries NA, Gooren LJ. Established risk factors for coronary heart disease are unrelated to androgen-induced baldness in female-to-male transsexuals. J Endocrinol 2004 180(1) 107-12. 

Segal, N. L. (2006). Two monozygotic twin pairs discordant for female-to-male transsexualism. Arch. Sex. Behav. 35 347—358. 

The creation of a phallus has been associated with multiple surgical problems, and efforts are ongoing to improve the function and appearance. The older, insensate phallus shrivelled, and efforts to provide stiffness were associated with fistula formation and cutaneous erosions. Generally the initial desire of female-to-male transsexuals is not a functional phallus, but to void while standing in the men s bathroom to elude this closure. Most patients express only a desire for a good appearance in swimsuits, while only some transsexuals would like to be able to use the phallus sexually. 

Hage JJ, Bloem JJ, Suliman HM (1993) Review of the literature on techniques for phalloplasty with emphasis on the applicability in female-to-male transsexuals. J Urol... 

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