Transport phenomena, in biological

Mass transport phenomena in biological systems can be investigated with SECM if the species of interest can be detected either by an potenti-ometric or amperometric microelectrode. Theory and selected studies of localized mass transport are covered in Chapter 9 of this volume. SECM is particularly appropriate in these studies in view of the intimate connection of the imaging mechanism to mass transport effects. The investigation of oxygen and ion transport in various tissues and under a variety of driving forces (concentration gradient, electric field, convection) has been demon-... 

Kinetics and Transport Phenomena in Biological Reactor Design... 

Deckwer, W.-D."Physical Transport Phenomena in Biological Tower Reactors"( Proceedings of NATO SI on "Mass transfer with chenical reaction in multiphase systems".Izmir,Turkey,1901)... 

PHYSICAL TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN BIOLOGICAL TOWER REACTORS... 

Physical Transport Phenomena in Biological Tower Reactors... 

Truskey G A, Yuan F, Kar D F (2004), Transport phenomena in biological systems. New York, USA, Pearson Prentice Hall. 

Truskey, G. A., F. Yuan, and D. F. Katz. 2004. Transport Phenomena in Biological Systems. Upper Saddle River Pearson/Prentice Hall. 

Truskey, G.A., Yuan, A., and Katz, D., Transport Phenomena in Biological Systems, Pearson-Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 2004. 

Biological Transport Phenomena in the Gastrointestinal Tract Cellular Mechanisms... 

Figure 8. The relationship between biological, hydrodynamic, mixing, and transport phenomena in three-phase fluidized bed bioreactors.

The compounds just discussed have all been implicated in alkali metal-ion transport and related phenomena in biological systems. Substances such as these, which are capable of carrying ions across a hydrophobic membrane, are called ionophores. 

Given that interfacial solvation affects chemical transport/ surface reactivity and electron transfer/ and macromolecular self-assembly/ predictive models of solvent-solute interactions near surfaces will afford researchers deeper insights into a host of phenomena in biology, physics, and engineering. Research in this area should aid efforts to develop a general, experimentally tested, and quantitative understanding of solution-phase surface chemistry. 

Reisher D, Biological transport phenomena in the gastrointestinal tract cellular mechanisms Review article. Drugs and the Pharmaceutical Sciences. Transport Proc. Pharmaceut. Sys. 2000 102 147-184. 

A continuous research work on membrane properties and fundamental aspects of transport phenomena in the various membrane operations is important for the fumre of membrane science and technology. There is a need for both basic and applied research to develop new membranes with improved properties and new membrane processes. These research efforts must take into account the studies done in other areas such as supramolecular chemistry, molecular imprints materials, nanotechnology, nonlinear optics, studies on biological membranes and biological phenomena, etc. 

Finally, double layers are important in a variety of biological phenomena, especially those occurring at cell walls. Although these systems are more complex in their description, the fundamental concepts applied here are also applicable in the biological systems. For example, ion transport phenomena in membranes depend on the electrical state of the membrane interfaces. Thus many concepts from the physical chemistry of polarizable interfaces and colloids are also applicable to charged interfaces in biological systems. 

Paramagnetic analogs of phospholipids have also been used to investigate lipid transport phenomena in model membrane systems (R.D. Komberg, 1971) and in biological membranes. Representative structures are shown in Fig. 2. Several of these spin-labeled lipid analogs that are modified in the fatty acid chain can be readily and reversibly transferred... 

A mixed-film phenomenon of particular interest in the biological and medical areas is that referred to as film penetration, in which a soluble surface-active material in the substrate enters into the surface film in sufficient quantity to alter its nature significantly, or to undergo some alternative physical or chemical process related to the surface (Fig. 8.20). Such penetration studies using films of biological materials have been used to mimic phenomena in biological systems (cell walls and membranes, for example) that cannot readily be studied directly. Of particular interest are such topics as cell surface reactions, catalysis, and transport across membranes. 

It is well known that the performance of biological processes may be influenced significantly by physical transport phenomena. In general, physical transport processes concern the transfer of mass, momentum and various kinds of energy. One can suspect that until now only few of the physical transport phenomena have been fully recognized and understood. 

Lih, M.L. (1975) Transport Phenomena in Medicine and Biology, John Wiley Sons, New York. 

A concise review of the principles used in modeling the transport phenomena in several biological systems including examples of heat and mass transfer. Nolte, J. (1988) The Human Brain, 2nd. ed., C.V. Mosby, St Louis Provides a more detailed review of the structure and function of the different brain regions. 

We start our discussion by emphasizing how flow behavior is related to the transport of molecules and chemical reactions in micrometer- and submicrometer-sized channel networks. We discuss measurement of flow and transport properties and demonstrate how these characteristics translate to a range of diflerent microfluidic applications multiphase flow through porous media [1], human airways [2], miniature cell-biological systems [3, 4], flow in microfluidic catalytic monoUths [5] and the use of interfacial forces as a means for actuation in microdevices [6]. The discussion of multiphase microfluidic systems in this chapter complements several recent reviews on general aspects of transport phenomena in microfluidic systems [37, 174-179]. 

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