Transition metal optoelectronic applications

Crystal growth has, apart from its basic surface science interest, important applications in technology for instance in microelectronics, optoelectronics, recording... However, even the simplest case of homoepitaxy is not perfectly understood. In particular, growth on FCC (111) transition metal surfaces raises some interesting questions. 

Kalyanasundaram K, Gratzel M. Applications of functionalized transition metal complexes in photonic and optoelectronic devices. Coord Chem Rev 1998 77 347-414. 

The progress in development of optoelectronics demands the further investigation of new materials and new effects being a basis for the production of various optoelectronic systems. A special interest is focuses on II-VI semiconductor compounds containing 3d transition metals as impurities. Due to the unique combination of physical properties ZnO crystals are potential candidates for numerous industrial applications. 

The optoelectronic properties of conjugated polymers containing the rhenium diimine unit [Re(CO)3(phen)Cl] have been studied. Charge-carrier mobility measurements showed that the presence of metal complexes could facilitate the charge-transport process, and the enhancement in carrier mobility was dependent on the metal content in the polymer. The use of transition metal complexes for both photovoltaic and electroluminescence applications was demonstrated. 

K. Kalyanasundaram, M. Gratzel, Applications of Fimctionalized Transition Metal Complexes in Photonic and Optoelectronic Devices , Coordinat. Chem. Rev., 177,347 (1998)... 

The development of nanotechnology was one of the important field processes which plays an important and higher-impact role in the various biological applications (Anthony et al., 2014). Nanoparticles can act as an intermediate between atom properties and bulk materials (Madhumitha et al., 2015). Among nanoparticles, the transition metal nanoparticles have fascinated researchers all over globe due to their role in various application fields, such as chemistry, physics, biotechnology, catalysis, electronics, and optoelectronics (Otari et al., 2014 Roopan et al., 2014). Nowaday s transition metallic nanoparticles play a successful and... 

Metal nanopartieles have been shown to be important for catalysis, spectroscopy, optoelectronic devices, and magnetic data storage. Successful exploitation of metallic nanopartieles lies in the successful conjugation of their active surface structure. Thus, size and shape play a role in terms of variable surface energy. This becomes paradoxical when surface activity and stabilization are examined both surface activity and particle stabilization need to be controlled. Thus, proper support becomes inevitably a unique choice, which simultaneously can promote surface activity and provide stabilization to the metallic nanopartieles for innumerable applications. Proper support stabilizes metal nanopartieles of different sizes and shapes but not at the cost of surface activity. At this time, only a few achievements are promising. In an analogous fashion, metal oxides, generally transition metal oxides, are robust and are the future material of choice for supports. 

Transition Metal cr-Acetylide Polymers Containing Main Group Elements in the Main Chain Synthesis, Light Emission and Optoelectronic Applications... 

In spite of the research progress still continuing for the development of graphene composites for industrial applications, these materials have already been explored for a range of applications in different fields such as optoelectronic devices (mostly use semiconductor and quantum dots), energy storage (Li-ion batteries, which use transition metal oxides supercapacitors, which use transition metal oxide and polymers fuel cells, which use metal NPs and polymers solar cells, which use metal oxide and polymer), sensors (use metal, oxide and polymer) and biomedical applications (use protein, DNA, polymers, etc.). The details have already been explained in their respective sections in this review chapter. 

Kalyanasundaram K., Gratzel M. Applications of functionalized transition metal con5)lexes in photonic and optoelectronic devices. Coord. Chem. Rev. 1998 77 347-414 Kamat P.V. Photoelectrochemistry in particulate systems. 3. Phototransformations in the colloidal TiOa-thiocyanate system. Langmuir 1985 1 608-611 Kamat P.V., Bedja I., Hotchandani S., Patterson L.K. Photosensitization of nanocrystalline semiconductor films. Modulation of electron transfer between excited ruthenium complex and SnOa nanocrystalUne with an externally applied bias. J. Phys. Chem. 1996 100 4900-4908 Kamat P.V., Vinodgopal K. Environmental photochemistry with semiconductor nanoparticles. Mol. Supramol. Photochem. 1998 2 307-350... 

Semiconductors in nano-crystallized form exhibit markedly different electrical, optical and structural properties as compared to those in the bulk form [1-10]. Out of these, the ones suited as phosphor host material show considerable size dependent luminescence properties when an impurity is doped in a quantum-confined structure. The impurity incorporation transfers the dominant recombination route from the surface states to impurity states. If the impurity-induced transition can be localized as in the case of the transition metals or the rare earth elements, the radiative efficiency of the impurity- induced emission increases significantly. The emission and decay characteristics of the phosphors are, therefore, modified in nanocrystallized form. Also, the continuous shift of the absorption edge to higher energy due to quantum confinement effect, imparts these materials a degree of tailorability. Obviously, all these attributes of a doped nanocrystalline phosphor material are very attractive for optoelectronic device applications. 

The aryl-aryl bond is common in natural products and biologically active materials [6]. In addition, polyaryls have been extensively studied because of their potential applications in optoelectronics [7]. These carbon-carbon bonds are frequently synthesized by homocouplings of aryl halides mediated by transition-metal reagents or catalysts. Several excellent comprehensive reviews on these reactions have recently appeared [8,9]. Among different kinds of transition metal reagents... 

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