Transcriptional Regulators Eukaryotic

Regulation of transcription is a central mechanism by which cells respond to developmental and environmental cues. RNA polymerase Il-mediated transcription in eukaryotes is to a large extent regulated at the level of chromatin, which forms a physical barrier for the binding of proteins to the promoter region of a target gene. The basic unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which consists of an octamer of histone proteins around which the DNA is wrapped (see Fig. la). 

Cullen, B.R. and Mahm, M.H. Tire HIV-1 Rev-protein prototype of a novel class of eukaryotic post-transcriptional regulators (1991) Trends Biochem. Sd. 16, 346-350... 

We begin by examining the interactions between proteins and DNA that are the key to transcriptional regulation. We next discuss the specific proteins that influence the expression of specific genes, first in prokaryotic and then in eukaryotic cells. Information about posttranscriptional and translational regulation is included in the discussion, where relevant, to provide a more complete overview of the rich complexity of regulatory mechanisms. 

Homeodomain Another type of DNA-binding domain has been identified in a number of proteins that function as transcriptional regulators, especially during eukaryotic... 

Initiation of transcription is a crucial regulation point for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression. Although some of the same regulatory mechanisms are used in both systems, there is a fundamental difference in the regulation of transcription in eukaryotes and bacteria. 

Carey, M., and Smale, S. T. (2000) Transcriptional Regulation in Eukaryotes, Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York... 

Is transcription attenuation likely to be an important mechanism of transcriptional regulation in eukaryotic cells ... 

DNA-Binding Proteins that Regulate Transcription in Eukaryotes Are Often Asymmetrical The Homeodomain Zinc Finger Leucine Zipper Helix-Loop-Helix... 

McKinney, J. D., and N. Heintz, Transcriptional regulation in the eukaryotic cell cycle. Trends Biochem. Sci. 16 430-434, 1991. 

Many other kinases have been studied, often in the context of regulation of some process by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Examples from muscle regulation have already been given. A further example is the transcription of eukaryotic DNA, which may be regulated by phosphorylation of non-histone chromosomal proteins. A number of nuclear protein kinases have been partially purified. These have an absolute requirement for divalent cations, and are not stimulated by 3, 5 -cyclic AMP (cAMP).287,288... 

SELEX has also allowed the characterization of the RNA hairpin, which constitutes the iron responsive element (IRE) recognized by the iron regulatory factor (IRF) protein to post-transcriptionally regulate translatability and decay of mRNAs involved in iron import and storage in eukaryotic cells (Henderson et al., 1994). 

Transcription in eukaryotes an overview (G5) Transcription of protein-coding genes in eukaryotes (G6) Regulation of transcription by RNA Pol II (G7)... 

In eukaryotic organisms, transcription regulation is a complex process that demands coordinated interaction of several genetic elements. The efficiency of this process mainly depends on the promoter/enhancer sequences, the copy number of the gene, and the structure and elements present at the insertion site in the host s chromatin. On the other hand, the co-transcriptional modifications (capping, splicing, polyadenylation, and transport to cytoplasm) on the primary transcript determine the stability, turnover rate, and translational capacity of the future mRNA. 

Gallie, D.R., J.N. Feder, R.T. Schimke, and V. Walbot (1991). Post-transcriptional regulation in higher eukaryotes the role of the reporter gene in controlling expression. Mol. Gen. Genet. 228 258-264. 

How does the regulation of transcription in eukaryotes differ from that in bacteria ... 

Transcription and transcriptional regulation is more complicated in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes. The very much larger amount of DNA in eukaryotes is organized with histones... 

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