Regulation muscle

Fig. 7.19. Subunit structure and regulation of phosphorylase kinase of muscle. Phosphorylase kinase is - according to the excitation state of the muscle - regulated by two pathways. On nervous stimulation of the muscle, voltage-controlled Ca channels are opened, the cytosolic Ca concentration increases and Ca binds to calmoduhn, activating phosphorylase kinase. In resting muscle, activation of phosphorylase kinase is triggered by a hormonal signal. A hormonal signal initiates phosphorylation of the a and P subunits of phosphorylase kinase. In the phosphorylated form, Ca binding affinity of the calmodulin subunit (8) is strongly increased and activation is also possible at low Ca concentrations.

Buxus harlandii Hance Xi Ye Huang Yang (Box tree) (leaf) Cyclovirobuxine D, buxanmine E, cycloprotobuxine C, buxpiine K.58 Improve blood circulation, enhance heart muscle, regulate heartbeat, treat hepatitis, arthritis. 

Fujita, K. Ye, L.-H. Sato, M. Okagaki, T. Nagamachi, Y. Kohama, K. Myosin light chain kinase from skeletal muscle regulates an ATP-dependent in-... 

Reynolds, I.J., Gould, R.J., Snyder, S.H. pH] Verapamil binding sites in brain and skeletal muscle regulation by calcium, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1983, 95, 319-321. 

Many other kinases have been studied, often in the context of regulation of some process by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Examples from muscle regulation have already been given. A further example is the transcription of eukaryotic DNA, which may be regulated by phosphorylation of non-histone chromosomal proteins. A number of nuclear protein kinases have been partially purified. These have an absolute requirement for divalent cations, and are not stimulated by 3, 5 -cyclic AMP (cAMP).287,288... 

Parry, D. A. D., and Squire, J. M. (1973). The structural role of tropomyosin in muscle regulation Analysis of the X-ray diffraction patterns from relaxed and contracting muscles. /. Mol. Biol. 37, 33—55. 

Our thesis in this review is that an understanding of structure leads to an understanding of function. But from this account of advances in the areas of tropomyosin, troponin, and muscle regulation, it should be evident that this path is not always straightforward. Of course, general ideas about function often spring from relatively low-resolution information. This was certainly true for the sliding filament theory of muscle... 

Phillips, G. N., and Chacko, S. (1996). Mechanical properties of tropomyosin and implications for muscle regulation. Biopolymers 38, 89-95. 

Vasodilation Platelet inhibition Smootti muscle regulation Immune regulation... 

Smooth muscles are present in tissues requiring sustained contraction, rather than rapid contraction and relaxation. Smooth muscles regulate the flow of blood through arteries, arterioles, and veins, where they control the size of the lurnen of the vessel They occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where they are responsible for... 

Stull JT, Bowman BF, Gallagher PJ, et al. Myosin phosphorylation in smooth and skeletal muscles regulation and function. Prog Clin Biol Res 1990 327 107-126. 

Insulin Peptide Liver, fat, muscle Regulation of carbohydrate... 

Here we examine the role of certain transcription factors in creating skeletal muscle in vertebrates. These muscle regulators Illustrate how coordinated transcription of sets of target genes can produce differentiated cell types and how a cascade of transcriptional events and signals is necessary to coordinate cell behaviors and functions. 

Thorneloe, K. S., Nelson, M. T. (2005). Ion channels in smooth muscle Regulators of intracellular calcium and contractility. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 83 (3), 215-242. 

What are the mechanism and function of caldesmon-imposed constraints on tropomyosin location, and how do they relate to smooth muscle regulation ... 

Metzger, J. M., and M. V. Westfall. 2004. Covalent and noncovalent modification of thin filament action. The essential role of troponins in cardiac muscle regulation. Circulation Research 94 146-158. 

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