Training economics

In the design of a fine chemicals plant equally important to the choice and positioning of the equipment is the selection of its size, especially the volume of the reaction vessels. Volumes of reactors vary quite widely, namely between 1,000 and 10,000 L, or ia rare cases 16,000 L. The cost of a production train ready for operation iacreases as a function of the 0.7 power. The personnel requirement iacreases at an even lower rate. Thus a large plant usiag large equipment would be expected to be more economical to mn than a small one. 

Phase III Synthesis. (/) Identify options identify opportunities, target problem areas, and confirm options. 2) Evaluate options technical, environmental, and economic. (J) Prepare action plan waste reduction plan, production efficiency plan, and training. 

The number of columns ia a multicomponent train can be reduced from the N — 1 relationship if side-stream draw-offs are used for some of the component cuts. The feasibiUty of multicomponent separation by such draw-offs depends on side-stream purity requirements, feed compositions, and equihbrium relationships. In most cases, side-stream draw-off distillations are economically feasible only if component specifications for the side-stream are not tight. If a single component is to be recovered ia an essentially pure state from a mixture containing both lower and higher boiling components, a... 

Capital Costs A typical medium-scale RO seawater plant might produce 0.25 mVs (6 MGD). For a plant with an open sea intake, seawater salinity of 38 g/1, and conversion of 45 percent, the overall cost woiild be 26.5 miUiou (1996). A capital breakdown is given in Table 22-18. Capital charges are site specific, and are sensitive to the salinity of the feed. A plant of this size would likely contain six trains. For seawater RO, the Best estimate for the slopes of the family of lines in Fig. 22-55 is —0.6 for the equipment and 0.95 for the membranes. Capital charges, shown in TaBle 22-19, usually dominate the overall economics the numbers presented are only an example. Seawater economics are based on Shields and Moch, Am. Desalination Assn. Conf. Monterey CA (1996). 

The total plant or train main process bottleneck will probably be identified by the licensor, such as the gasifier for a coal gasification train, the main exchanger for a mixed refrigerant LNG plant train, or the cracked gas compressors for an olefin plant. First and foremost, be sure that the licensor has not made the utility area a bottleneck. This can never be allowed since overloaded utilities could repeatedly shut the entire complex down on a crash basis, adversely impacting economics. 

Secondly, accidents of the second type liave a catastrophic effect on production. Not only will tlie entire facility be demolished (in all likelihood), but a large fraction of the pool of trained personnel will be lost all at once. Who will train replacement persomiel if everyone is lost in tlie disaster Similar concerns make disruption in Uie community much greater for accidents of the second type. Some of these considerations can be factored into decision making as direct economic losses tliat increase the burden to both Uie company and Uie community for accidents of the second type. 

As the world s population increases, economic affluence is also increasing in many regions. Affluence usually means more business providing more goods and seiwices more homes and business with more climate control more use of appliances and electronic technology in homes and businesses and more miles logged by more automobiles, trucks, trains, and air-... 

The scope of initial training always covers an induction period of perhaps four weeks, during which the trainee learns about the structure of the company which he has joined and the administration which he will be expected to carry out in the field. It is important that he learns about the legislation which applies to his job and the statutory forms which he must use. Surveyors are often required to keep a notebook, the purpose of which is similar to that of a police officer. He will later be required to cover the interests of all the clients who are his district , and he must therefore set up in his home the necessary administrative and record-keeping facilities to enable him to do this effectively and economically. 

Irrespective of the method of planned maintenance to be implemented, benefits to either will be accrued if all possible information/methods/systems, supported by the appropriate training, are also considered. Much will depend on the demands placed on the plant and equipment and what method is to be adopted in establishing the most economical means of maintaining their life. It is only when the specific plant and equipment is known that the appropriate maintenance program can be implemented. 

A periodic review of ongoing water treatment programs with regard to suitability, economic benefit, training needs, and technical objectives also is required. 

The issue of what is the best kind of university preparation for environmental work remains controversial. Some claim that environmental problem-solving requires broadly trained individuals. They argue that universities need to establish environmental specialist degrees at the bachelors, masters and doctoral levels because narrowly trained specialists are unable to deal with the social, economic, and political as well as scientific aspects of environmental problems. Others (7) have argued that environmental problems cannot be attacked effectively using the blunted lances of the well rounded. We need, they say, people who are solidly... 

The primary lesson from this example is that no process is infinitely scalable. Sooner or later, additional scaleup becomes impossible, and further increases in production cannot be single-train but must add units in parallel. Fortunately for the economics of the chemical industry, the limit is seldom reached. 

HIV/AIDS-induced mortality and morbidity of workers can result in significant economic loss to business, including direct cost due to increased insurance premiums paid by employers, costs due to increased benefits paid by employers, indirect costs due to lost time due to illness, lost and reduced productivity, and other costs, like cost to new training and hiring of staff. Famham and Gorsky (1994) used a Markov model to calculate the expected medical, disability, employee replacement, life insurance, and pension costs to a business firm in the US for an HIV-infected... 

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