Tracheal lumen

NT234 Ozlu, T., M. Cay, A. Akbulut, H. Yekeler, M. Naziroglu, and M. Aksakal. The facilitating effect of cigarette smoke on the colonization of instilled bacteria into the tracheal lumen in rats and the improving influence of supplementary vitamin E on this process. Respirology 1999 4(3) 245—248. 

Persson, C.G.A. and Erjefalt, I. (1986b). Inflammatory leakage of macromolecules from the vascular compartment into the tracheal lumen. Acta Physiol. Scand. 126, 615-616. 

The choice of size, shape, and composition of the tube should be individualized. Tracheostomy tubes and cannulae for home use are made of plastic or silicon. Silicone tubes are more flexible than PVC tubes and may offer a better fit. To allow for connection to the ventilator, the tube must extend at least 2 to 3 cm beyond the stoma, but should be situated no closer than 2 cm from the carina. The tube curvature should be such that the tube is in the center of the tracheal lumen rather than impinging on the tracheal wall—to avoid damage to the tracheal wall and to avoid problems with ventilation, comfort, and speech. 

TUBE TRACHEAL 37 FR DOUBLE LUMEN PILOT BALOON STERILE DISP 4S 6515014205264 PG 206 41 ... 

Exposed female mice had significant compound-related increases in nasal carcinomas (NTP 1982 Stinson et al. 1981). The incidences of combined alveolar/bronchiolar carcinoma and adenoma were significantly increased in the lungs of high-dose male and female mice as compared with control animals. In addition to these tumors, adenomatous polyps were present in tracheal, bronchial, and bronchiolar lumens (NTP 1982). 

Death. No human fatality due specifically to inhalation of acrolein has been reported. However, based on results obtained with experimental animals, it is reasonable to assume that exposure to relatively high doses of acrolein vapors is lethal to humans. Death has been observed in animals after inhalation, oral, and dermal exposure to acrolein. The cause of death in experimental animals seemed to be respiratory failure caused by the formation of cellular debris, which blocked the tracheal and bronchial lumen and led to asphyxiation. The concentration of acrolein necessary to induce death in animals is inversely related to the duration of exposure (see Table 2-1). The irritative properties of acrolein in the eyes and upper respiratory tract, seen in both humans and animals, will most likely serve as warning long before lethal concentrations can be reached. 

Regulation of tracheal tube/lumen size and shape... 

In this chapter, we have reviewed our current imderstanding of how lumens form and are maintained in the dorsal vessel, salivary gland and trachea of the Drosophila embryo. Lumen formation in the Drosophila embryonic salivary gland and primary branches of the trachea occurs concomitantly with invagination of the salivary gland and tracheal cells from the embryo surface. Thus, it is not entirely surprising that lumen size control in these two epithelial-based organs share similar cellular and molecular mechanisms, such as the roles... 

The tracheal epithelium consists of mainly four kinds of cells ciliated cells, goblet cells, brush cells, and basal cells (Rhodin and Dalhamn 1956). In the rat s bronchial epithelium, Jeffery and Reid (1975) recognised eight epithelial cell types and two mesenchymal ones (which are probably migratory). All epithelial cells were attached to the basement membrane, but not all reached the airway lumen ... 

By electron microscopy, Churg et al. (1998) found TiOj particles in the epithelial cells of rat tracheal explants cultured in Dulbecco s modified Eagle s medium. The volume proportion of both fine (120 nm) and ultrafine (21 nm) particles in the epithelium increased from 3 to 7 days it was greater for ultrafine particles at 3 days but was greater for fine particles at 7 days. Ultrafine particles appeared to enter the epithelium faster, and once in the epithelium, a greater proportion of them was translocated to the subepithelial space compared with fine particles. However, if it was assumed that the volume proportion was representative of particle number, the number of particles reaching the interstitial space was directly proportional to the number applied, i.e., overall, there was no preferential transport from lumen to interstitium by size. 

Some parts of the tracheal epithelium of ageing mice invaginated into the lamina propria without any noticeable changes in either the epithelial cells or the basal lamina (Kawata and Fujita 1983). The lumen of the cyst-like structures usually formed characteristic concentric circles in the central portion and sometimes contained destructed cell debris at the periphery. The concentric circular materials consisted of entangled filaments of 15-20 nm in diameter. 

Sometimes extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or cardiopulmonary bypass is required, especially in patients with pulmonary hypertension, to protect the pulmonary circulation and the left ventricle from volume overload. After single-lung TX double-lumen tracheal tubes are sometimes used to ventilate both lungs separately for some hours to avoid hyperinflation of the native emphysematous lung. 

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