Tracheal tube

Can be given through tracheal tube at 2-2.5 times the recommended dose... 

Atropine, epinephrine, and lidocaine can be administered through the tracheal tube before venous access is achieved at 2-2.5 times the recommended intravenous dose diluted with 10 mL of normal saline or sterile water. Stop CPR, administer beyond the tip of the endotracheal tube, follow with five quick insufflations to aerosolize the drug, and then resume CPR. 

STYLET TRACHEAL TUBE 7.5MM TO 10MM TRACHEAL TUBES DISP 10S 6515013948327 PG 43,62 ... 

Class 11a, for example, contact lenses, urinary catheters, tracheal tubes connected to a ventilator. 

A similar phenomenon can be observed in the cuffs and balloons of tracheal tubes, flotation catheters, etc. Increases in cuff pressure may be sufficient to cause mucosal ischaemia with subsequent damage to the tracheal mucosa. In the case of pulmonary flotation catheters, there is a risk of cuff rupture followed by gas embolism and infarction. A number of factors affect the rate of volume and pressure change—time, permeability, elasticity, initial volume and pressure, nitrous oxide concentration, temperature. 

Succinylcholine Agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, especially at neuromuscular junctions depolarizes may stimulate ganglionic nicotinic ACh and cardiac muscarinic ACh receptors Initial depolarization causes transient contractions, followed by prolonged flaccid paralysis depolarization is then followed by repolarization that is also accompanied by paralysis Placement of tracheal tube at start of anesthetic procedure t rarely, control of muscle contractions in status epilepticus Rapid metabolism by plasma cholinesterase normal duration, 5 min Toxicities Arrhythmias hyperkalemia transient increased intraabdominal, intraocular pressure postoperative muscle pain... 

Tracheal mites were also killed by formic acid [51]. This parasite, Acarapis woodi (Acari Tarsonemidae), lives in the tracheal tubes of adult honey bees. The bees die because of the disruption to respiration caused by the mites clogging the tracheae. 

Male or female Beagle or Labrador-Harrier dogs weighing 15-25 kg are used for the test. The dog is anesthetized by intravenous injection of 35M0 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium followed by subcutaneous injection of 2 mg/kg morphine. Respiration is maintained through a tracheal tube with N2O/O2 (3 1) using a positive pressure respirator. 

A Statham pressure transducer is placed into the right femoral artery for continuous measurement of blood pressure. Spontaneous respiration is maintained through a tracheal tube. 

Usually intravenous pre-oxygenation followed by a small dose of an opioid, e.g., fentanyl or alfentanil to provide analgesia and sedation, followed by propofol or, less commonly, thiopental or etomidate to induce anaesthesia. Airway patency is maintained with an oral airway and face-mask, a laryngeal mask airway (LMA), or a tracheal tube. Insertion of a tracheal tube usually requires paralysis with a neuromuscular blocker and is undertaken if there is a risk of pulmonary aspiration from regurgitated gastric contents or from blood. 

Paralysis is preceded by muscular fasciculation, and this may be the cause of the muscle pain experienced commonly after its use. The pain may last 1-3 days and can be minimised by preceding the suxamethonium with a small dose of a competitive blocking agent. Suxamethonium is the neuromuscular blocker with the most rapid onset and the shortest duration of action. Tracheal intubation is possible in less than 60 seconds and total paralysis lasts up to 4 min with 50% recovery in about 10 min (t / for effect). It is particularly indicated for rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia in patients who are at risk of aspiration — the ability to secure the airway rapidly with a tracheal tube is of the utmost importance. If intubation proves impossible, recovery from suxamethonium and resumption of spontaneous respiration is relatively rapid. Unfortunately, if it is impossible to ventilate the paralysed patient s lungs, recovery may not be rapid enough to prevent the onset of hypoxia. 

Sedation in critical care units is used to reduce patient anxiety and improve tolerance to tracheal tubes and mechanical ventilation. Whenever possible, patients are sedated only to a level that allows them to open their eyes to verbal command oversedation is harmful. Commonly used drugs include propofol and midazolam, and opioids such as fentanyl, alfentanil, or morphine. 

Fig. so.—Vascular elements. A, annular tracheal tube B, spiral trachea tube C, reticulated tracheal tube D, pitted tracheal tube E, cross-section through plate of seive tube, and adjoining companion cell F, length-wise section of sieve tube G, portions of two companion cells. (A, B, C, D, Robbins E, F, and G, after Strasburger.)... 

Pig. 52.—Closed collateral bundle of stem of Zea mays. VG, Bundle sheath Lf intercellular space A, ring from an annular tracheal tube SP, spiral tracheal tube My pitted vessels V, sieve tubes 5, companion cells CP, crushed primary-sieve tubes P, thin-walled i>arenchyma of the ground or fundamental tissue. From Sayre after Strashurger.)... 

Pig. 55.—Cross-section through a portion o a root of A corns calamus. A, Cortical parenchyma Bt endodermis C, pericycle phloem F, xylem. At F Y, are large tracheal tubes, which were formed last, the narrow tubes near the periphery of the xylem being formed first. At the center of the root, within the circle of the radial vascular bundle, occur thin-walled parenchymatous pith cells. (From Sayre after Frank.)... 

Fig. 75.—Part of a cross-section through branch of Cytisus laburnum. (The branch was cut from the tree at the end of October.) Prom A to E the last annual ring of wood from A to B the spring growth with large tracheal tubes T, T, T) between B and C and D and D are wood-fibers between C and D and D and E, wood parenchyma from E to F, cambium F to G, phloem portion C to H, cortical parenchyma M, medullary ray. Below A the last woodrfibers and wood parenchyma formed the previous year. From Sayre after Haberlandt.)...

Helium (He) is an inert gas whose low density, low solubility, and high thermal conductivity provide the basis for its medical and diagnostic uses the gas is supplied in brown cyhnders. Helium can be mixed with oxygen and administered by mask or tracheal tube. Under hyperbaric conditions, it can be substituted for the bulk of other gases, resulting in a mixture of much lower density that is easier to breathe. 

Tracheal tube severed by surgeon s osteotome during maxillary osteotomy ... 

Epithelial Polarity Proteins Regulate DrosophUa Tracheal Tube Size in Parallel to the Luminal Matrix Pathway. Curr Biol, VoL 20, pp.55-61. 

Regulation of tracheal tube/lumen size and shape... 

Chung, S., Vining, M., Bradley, R, Chan, C., Wharton, K. J. Andrew, D. (2009). Serrano (sano) functions with the planar cell polarity genes to control tracheal tube length. PLoS Genet 5, el000746. 

Forster, D., Armbruster, K. Luschnig, S. (2010). Sec24 dependent secretion drives cell-autonomous expansion of tracheal tubes in Drosophila. Current Biology 20,62-68. 

Jeon, M. Zinn, K. (2009). Receptor tyrosine phosphatases control tracheal tube geometries through negative regulation of Egfr signaling. Development 136,3121-3129. 

---