Trace atmosphere

Stedman, D. H. and Shelter, R. E. (1983). The global budget of atmospheric nitrogen species. In "Trace Atmospheric Constituents" (S. E. Schwartz, ed.). Wiley, New York. 

C05-0035. What are the mole fractions of the three most abundant trace atmospheric constituents listed in Table... 

Currie, L. A., Noakes, J., Breiter, D., Measurment of Small Radiocarbon Samples Power of Alternative Methods for Tracing Atmospheric Hydrocarbons, Ninth International Radiocarbon Conference, University of California, Los Angeles and San Diego, 1976. 

Schwartz, S. E. White, W. H. Trace Atmospheric Constituents. Properties, Transformation and Fates -, J. Wiley and Sons New York, 1983. 

Goldberg PA, Walker RF, Ellwood PA, et al. 1981. Determination of trace atmospheric isocyanate concentrations by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography using. J Chromatogr 212(1) 93-104. 

Polychlorodibenzofurans are extremely toxic trace atmospheric contaminants which can be detected and identified in manufactured polychlorophenols and thus may appear in a variety of industrial chemical products. They are toxic to mammals, causing chloracne and producing extensive irreversible liver damage (76JOC2428). 

More information is needed about the surface emission and deposition of trace atmospheric species. These fluxes can often be best measured by the eddy correlation technique with fast chemical sensors in conjunction with micrometeorological instrumentation. As analytical techniques for trace species progress, fast and sensitive sensors are becoming available for field research. Consideration must be given to matching the chemical sensors to the eddy correlation technique. 

Aircraft measurement of trace atmospheric species emphasizes several problems in the composite sampling-analytical process that are not routinely... 

Concentration Units. Any discussion of aircraft measurements must begin with a review of various ways in which abundances of trace atmospheric constituents are specified. Such nomenclature is frequently a point of some confusion. In addition, because instruments used on aircraft are operated over a range of pressures, the fundamental way that an instrument senses a species and generates an output signal that is then converted to a measure of abundance is an important issue. The latter concern is discussed in the next section. 

Chromatographic Techniques. These techniques have long been applied to the problems of separation and analysis of trace atmospheric species. For stable species, batch samples are usually collected as described in the preceding section and transported to the laboratory for subsequent analysis. However, some compounds are not sufficiently stable to survive transport intact. In situ chromatographic analyses have been used for these samples. Usually, chromatography is used on aircraft in a batch mode samples are collected, preconcentrated, and separated on a column, and the individual species are detected as they elute the process is then repeated for the next sample. Thus, as with other batch techniques, time resolution is limited. 

Remote sensing of trace atmospheric trace constituents is a relatively new science. It has two driving motivations ... 

The advantages of Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectrometry (TDLAS) for measuring trace atmospheric gases are universality positive identification good sensitivity and rapid response time. An instrument is described which can measure two gases simultaneously under automatic computer control with detection limits better than 100 parts per trillion and with response times better than 5 minutes. Procedures have been established for the measurement of NO N0a, HNOa NH3 HbQb and HCHO. These species have been measured under a variety of conditions in smog chambers and in ambient air from mobile laboratories and from aircraft. 

The tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer has been shown to be a very versatile system for measuring trace atmospheric gases from mobile laboratories and from aircraft under a number of ambient and smog chamber air conditions. Its high specificity good sensitivity and rapid response time makes it a very suitable standard against which other less definitive methods can be compared. 

Molecular hydrogen is a short-lived trace atmospheric gas (with approximately a 2-year lifetime), having tropospheric... 

Steinberg, M. Isotope-ratio method for tracing atmospheric sulfur pollutants. Power Generation Environ. Change Symp. (Proc.), publ. 1971, 302 — 16 E, Cambridge, Mass. USA. (1969). 

The availability of tropospheric air samples from 55°N to 53°S latitudes obtained for halocarbon analysis [Makide and Rowland, 1981] has permitted an extension of our measurements of the world-wide distribution of trace atmospheric species to methane [Mayer et al., 1982]. Only about a doxen air samples were available for our initial latitudinal sequence in early 1978, but subsequent collections have provided much larger numbers of samples, as shown in Figures 5 and 6 for two collection periods during 1982 and 1983. From 1978-1981 most of our southern hemisphere sample collections were made at coastal sites in Brazil and Chile. However, comparisons were made of the relative latitudinal behavior of CHiCCh and CH4, based on the assumption that both are chiefly removed... 

The first laboratory quality observations made from balloon platforms were middle infrared absorption experiments of trace atmospheric spedes using the sun as a source. This work has now been extended to shuttle and satellite-based observations using Fourier interferometers. The ATMOS instrument, developed under the leadership of C.B. Farmer and the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, represents the flagship of this ef-... 

Johnson C. A., Mast M. A., and Kester C. L. (2001) Use of ivo/ISq to trace atmospherically deposited sulfate in surface waters a case study in alpine watersheds in the Rocky Mountains. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 4483-4486. 

Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs such as ethane, ethene, propane, propene, and isoprene) are trace atmospheric constituents that play an important role in both providing a sink for hydroxyl radicals and in controlling ozone concentrations (Donahue and Prinn, 1990). The oceans are known to be a source of NMHCs to the atmosphere, although globally they are significantly smaller than terrestrial sources. However, the main marine-produced NMHCs, ethane and propene, may have an important local impact on atmospheric photochemistry (Plass-Dulmer et al., 1995), particularly in... 

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