Toxins aerosolized type

More data are available on exposure of animals to toxin aerosols. Rhesus monkeys were exposed by inhalation to botulinum toxin, type A, in conjunction with toxoid and hyperimmune globulin efficacy trials.32 Exposure to 5 to 10 monkey LD50 (ie, 5 to 10 times the LD50 for monkeys) resulted in death... 

The anthrax bioterrorist attacks that followed the events of September 11th 2001 resulted in a renewed interest BadUus anthracis, the causative agent of this disease. Research has focused on the development of better vaccines than the one currently available. It has been estimated that the aerosolized release of 100 kg of anthrax spores upwind of Washington DC would cause mortalities of 130,000-3,000,000 [63]. Nonetheless, wild-type Bacillus anthracis is susceptible to conventional antibiotics, including penicillin, oxyfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. The problem lies not with the bacterial infection itself, but with three proteins released by the bacteria - protective antigen (PA, 83 kDa), lethal factor (LF, 90 kDa) and edema factor (EF, 89 kDa) -known as anthrax toxins [63]. 

This bacterium can produce numerous types of toxins that cause a range of medical problems. The most potent toxin of C. perfringens is the alpha toxin — the one most likely to be used by terrorists. It would be lethal by aerosol delivery. 

Jemski, J. (1961a). Aerosol challenge of guinea pigs, parenterally immunized with botulinum toxoid, with type D botulinum toxin disseminated by the Hartman fixture at 75°F and 50... 

Type A Case a—Point-source attack (example aerosol generator, bomb) or an area attack (as in artillery or bomb let attack). This type of attack includes toxins. 

A. General. Dissemination is the process by which infectious diseases or toxins are dispersed to cause disease or intoxication. The same routes of entry pertinent to natural spread of diseases (inhalation, ingestion, or percutaneous inoculation) are also relevant when their agents are delivered intentionally by weapons. BW agents are likely to be delivered covertly either by contamination of food and water, or by aerosol exposure. The type of delivery will affect the type of dissemination. 

Botulism toxin, a bacterial protein, is reputed as the most known toxic molecule. It is produced by Clostridium botulinum, a gram-positive spore-forming anaerobe germ that dwells in the soil. There are 7 different antigenic types of this toxin A through G. Disease in humans is caused by types A, B, E, or F. Aerosol exposure studies in rhesus monkeys indicate that type F is the most toxic and that it is 60x more toxic than type B, the least toxic. Extrapolations from primate studies predict that the fatal dose of Botulinum toxin in humans is on the order of ... 

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are produced by the anaerobic Clostridium botulinum species of bacteria and are the cause of botulism, a life-threatening neuroparalytic disease. They are extremely potent food poisons, with a mouse LD50 of 0.1 ng/kg for type A [1,2]. Aerosol exposure of BoNTs does not occur naturally, but could be attempted by bioterrorists to achieve a widespread effect. It has been estimated that a single gram of crystalline toxin, evenly dispersed and inhaled, could kill more than one million people [2]. 

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