Toxicity rule

US Environmental Protection Agency, Fact Sheet Toxicity Rule Finalized , EPA/530-SW-89-045, [US Environmental Protection Agency, March 1990]. 

Toxicity rules out selenium and tellurium compounds, which have also been reported to have antiozonant activity. Several theories have appeared in the literature regarding the mechanism of protection by p-PDA antiozonants. The scavenger theory states that the antiozonant diffuses to the surface and preferentially reacts with ozone, with the result that the rubber is not attacked until the antiozonant is exhausted. 

All the PMBs are Hsted on the U.S. EPA s Toxic Substances Control Act NonConfidential Chemical Substances Inventory (Table 8). In the early to mid-1980s, pseudocumene, mesitylene, hemimellitene, and trimethylbenzene were coveted by TSCA Section 8(a) Preliminary Assessment Information Rule (PAIR) reporting requirements (22) and by TSCA Section 8(d) for health and safety data (23). Mesitylene is the subject of a test rule subacute oral toxicity and subchtonic oral toxicity in tats were underway in 1994 (24). The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) allows monitoring for pseudocumene and mesitylene at the discretion of the State (25). Of the PMBs, only pseudocumene is subject to SARA Tide III section 313 annual release reporting (26). 

Most of them are generally classified as poisons. Exceptions to this rule are known. A notable one is 4-dimethyl aminopyridine (DMAP) (24), which is widely used in industry as a superior acylation catalyst (27). Quaternary salts of pyridines are usually toxic, and in particular paraquat (20) exposure can have fatal consequences. Some chloropyridines, especially polychlorinated ones, should be handled with extra care because of their potential mutagenic effects. Vinylpyridines are corrosive to the skin, and can act as a sensitizer for some susceptible individuals. Niacin (27), niacinamide (26), and some pyridinecarbaldehydes can cause skin flushing. 

Because of the toxicity associated with lead compounds, governmental rulings have severely limited the use of lead drier in coatings. From a performance viewpoint the use of lead in aluminum paint will destroy the leafing characteristics of the film. Coatings containing lead that are exposed to sulfur fumes will discolor. 

Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) (Dowell, 1994, pp. 30-34.) The OSHA rule for Process Safety Management (PSM) of Highly Toxic Hazardous Chemicals, 29 CFR 1910.119, part (e), reqmres an initial PHA and an update every five years for processes that handle listed chemicals or contain over 10,000 lb (4356 kg) of flammable material. The PHA must be done by a team, must include employees such as operators and mechanics, and must have at least one person skilled in the methodology employed. Suggested methodologies from Process Safety Management are listed in Table 26-1. 

Low-Pressure Tanks (below 15 psig) Low-pressure storage tanks for highly hazardous toxic materials should meet, as a minimum, the American Petroleum Institute (API) 620 Standard, Recommended Rules for the Design and Construc tion of Large Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks (API Standards). This standard covers... 

As a good general rule, all low boiling (<100") organic liquids should be treated as highly flammable and toxic (because they can be inhaled in large quantities) and the necessary precautions should be taken. 

The toxic air pollution problem is widespread. Information generated from the Superfund "Right to Know" rule From the Superfund Authorization and Recovery Act (SARA Section 313) indicates that more than 2.7 billion pounds of toxic air pollutants are emitted annually in the United States. EPA studies indicate that exposure to such quantities of air toxics may result in 1000 to 3000 cancer deaths each year. 

As a very general rule it may be said that the amines are fast curing and give good chemical resistance but most are skin sensitive. The organic anhydrides are less toxic and in some cases give cured resins with very high heat distortion temperatures. They do not cross-link the resins at room temperature. 

As a general rule, it is preferable to minimize the amounts of toxic chemicals in storage and in process. Tliere may be an advantage in handling chemicals in tlie most dilute practicable concentration. 

Formaldehyde has been rated as a possible carcinogen by the United States Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) rules and should be handled with due caution. It is also a strong lacrymator and choking respiratory irritant. It irritates the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes [76]. Since it is used for tanning leather, it is obvious that fonnaldehyde has a high potential for reactions with proteins. Formaldehyde gas is flammable and most formalin solutions contain significant amounts of methanol, which is also volatile, toxic, and flammable. 

A completed Form R must be submitted for each toxic chemical manufactured, processed, or otherwise used at each covered facility as prescribed in the reporting rule in 40 CFR Part 372 (published February 16,1988 in the Federal Register). These instructions supplement and elaborate on the requirements In the reporting rule. Together with the reporting rule, they constitute the reporting requirements. All references in these instructions are to sections in the reporting rule unless otherwise indicated. 

The SIC code system defines business "establlshmenls as "distinct and separata economic activities [that] are performed at a single physical location." Under section 372.30(c) of the reporting rule, you may submit a separate Form R for each establishment, or for groups of establishments, in your covered facility, provided that all releases of the toxic chemicals... 

Threshold Quantity - As defined in 29 CFR 1910.119, the minimum amount of a toxic, reactive, or flammable chemical judged by OSHA as being capable of causing a catastrophic event. The threshold quantity triggers application of the rule s requirements, tonnes - A metric ton, i.e., 2,200 lb. 

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