Toxic zirconium

Human Toxicity Zirconium and its salts generally have low systemic toxicity. A granulomatous disease of the skin, particularly in the axilla, has been reported in users of a deodorant contg sodium zirconium lactate see E. Browning, Toxicity of Industrial Metals (Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 2nd ed., 1969) pp 356-360, Consult latest Government regulations on use in aerosol antiperspirants. 

Dobrzynski, P., Kasperczyk, J., 2006a. Synthesis of biodegradable copolymers with low-toxicity zirconium compounds. IV. Copolymerization of glycolide with trimethylene carbonate and 2,2-dimethyltrimethylene carbonate microstructure analysis of copolymer chains by high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Journal of Polymer Science Part A Polymer Chemistry 44, 98—114. 

Some elements found in body tissues have no apparent physiological role, but have not been shown to be toxic. Examples are mbidium, strontium, titanium, niobium, germanium, and lanthanum. Other elements are toxic when found in greater than trace amounts, and sometimes in trace amounts. These latter elements include arsenic, mercury, lead, cadmium, silver, zirconium, beryUium, and thallium. Numerous other elements are used in medicine in nonnutrient roles. These include lithium, bismuth, antimony, bromine, platinum, and gold (Eig. 1). The interactions of mineral nutrients with... 

The oral toxicity is low OSHA standards for pulmonary exposure specify a TLV of 5 mg zirconium per m. ... 

Boisson, F., M. Gnassia-Barelli, and M. Romeo. 1995. Toxicity and accumulation of selenite and selenate in the unicellular marine algae Cricosphaera elongata. Arch. Environ. Contamin. Toxicol. 28 497-493. Bovee, E.C. and T.L. O Brien. 1982. Some effects of selenium, vanadium and zirconium on the swimming rate of Tetrahymena pyriformis a bioassay study. Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 52 (4) 39 44. 

Potassium trisiamylborohydride, 20 605 Potassium winchite, 3 289 Potassium-zirconium carbonate, 26 637 Potato branching enzyme, 12 493 Potatoes, citric acid in, 6 632t Potato fungicide, 13 57 Potato starch, 4 724t Potential energy diagrams, 10 118-119 Potential gum test, 12 400 Potentiated toxic effects, 25 214 Potentiometric measurements, 14 612 Potentiometric titrations, 9 585-58 ... 

There is disagreement relative to the dangers of the elemental form of zirconium. Some say that the metal and gemstone forms are harmless, but there is some evidence that the vapors and powder forms of the metal may be carcinogenic. Also, several zirconium compounds can produce allergic reactions in humans and have proven to be toxic to the skin or lungs if inhaled. 

Cochran KW et al Acute toxicity of zirconium, columbium, strontium, lanthanum, cesium, tantalum and yttrium. Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 1 637-650, 1950... 

Toxicology. Zirconium compounds are of low toxicity, although granulomas have been produced by repeated topical applications of zirconium salts to human skin. 

McClinton LT, Schubert J. 1948. The toxicity of some zirconium and thorium salts in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 94 1-6. 

Toxicity Variable. The hydrides of phosphorus, arsenic, sulfur, selenium, tellurium and boron which are highly toxic, produce local irritation and destroy red blood cells. They are particularly dangerous because of their volatility and ease of entry into the body. The hydrides of the alkali metals, alkaline earths, aluminum, zirconium and titanium react with moisture to evolve hydrogen and leave behind the hydroxide of the metallic element. This hydroxide is usually caustic. See also sodium hydroxide... 

Combinations of metal salts arc almost always used. Although mixtures of lead with cobalt and/or manganese are particularly effective, toxicity regulations ban the use of lead driers in consumer paints sold in interstate commerce in the United States, Combinations of cobalt and/or manganese with zirconium, and frequently also with calcium, are commonly used. The amounts of driers needed are very system specific. Their use should be kept to the minimum possible level since they not only catalyze drying but also catalyze the post-drying embrittlement and discoloration reactions. 

Couture, P., Blaise, C., Cluis, D. and Bastien, C. (1989) Zirconium toxicity assessment using bacteria, algae and fish assay, Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 47 (1-2), 87-100. 

SAFETY PROFILE Confirmed carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data. Poison by intravenous route. An eye irritant. Solutions with thorium salts are unstable explosives above 15°C. Solutions with titanium or zirconium salts are unstable explosives above 40°C. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic NH3 and NOx. See also N-NITROSO COMPOUNDS and AMINES. 

DFG MAK 1 mg(Zr)/m3 SAFETY PROFILE Moderately toxic by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Inhalation produces interstitial pneumonitis. See also ZIRCONIUM COMPOUNDS and BARIUM COMPOUNDS. 

ZIRCONIUM COMPOUNDS and NITRATES. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NO,. 

SAFETY PROFILE Flammable when exposed to heat or flame can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx. See also ZIRCONIUM COMPOUNDS and PICRAMIC ACID. 

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