Total carbon matter

Table II summarizes analytical data for dissolved inorganic matter in a number of natural water sources (J3, 9, J 9, 20, 21). Because of the interaction of rainwater with soil and surface minerals, waters in lakes, rivers and shallow wells (<50m) are quite different and vary considerably from one location to another. Nevertheless, the table gives a useful picture of how the composition of natural water changes in the sequence rain ->- surface water deep bedrock water in a granitic environment. Changes with depth may be considerable as illustrated by the Stripa mine studies (22) and other recent surveys (23). Typical changes are an increase in pH and decrease in total carbonate (coupled), a decrease in 02 and Eh (coupled), and an increase in dissolved inorganic constituents. The total salt concentration can vary by a factor of 10-100 with depth in the same borehole as a consequence of the presence of strata with relict sea water. Pockets with such water seem to be common in Scandinavian granite at >100 m depth.

The composition of coal is conveyed by representing its proximate and ultimate analysis. The former implies determination of contents of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash, while the latter implies total carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and ash. Here, an account will be provided of the constituents of coal, moisture, volatile matter, ash, fixed carbon, and some miscellaneous components. 

The pure carbon that occurs in coal is fixed carbon, and the higher the content, the greater the calorific value of the coal. Total carbon implies the fixed carbon plus the carbon present in the volatile matters (in CO, C02, CH4, and hydrocarbons). The total carbon content is thus always higher than the fixed carbon in any coal. A high total carbon-bearing coal will be characterized by a high calorific value. 

Figure 6. Dependence of maximum tar yields and corresponding total volatile matter yields during flash pyrolysis on atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio for some Australian and V.S.A. coals (O, 9), black coals (X), brown coals (A), Pittsburgh No. 8 (USA.) ( ), Montana lignite (USA).

Coal Rank Natural Water (wt%) Volatile Matter (Dry, Ash Free) (wt%) Total Carbon (Dry, Ash Free) (wt%) Heat of Combustion (MJ/kg)... 

Weliky et al. [154] described a procedure for the determination of both organic and inorganic carbon in a single sample of a marine deposit. Carbonate carbon is determined from the carbon dioxide evolved by treatment of the sample with phosphoric acid the residue is then treated with a concentrated solution of dichromate and sulfuric acid to release carbon dioxide from the organic matter. The carbon dioxide produced at the two stages of the analysis is estimated using a carb on analyser based on the thermal conductivity principle. In addition, total carbon content is determined on another subsample using the dry combustion furnace. This provides a check on the values determined by the phosphoric acid dichromate technique. 

Nelson DW, Sommers LE. Total carbon, organic carbon and organic matter. In Bartels JM (ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis Part 3 Chemical Methods. Madison, WI Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy 1996, pp. 961-1010. 

Plmenta, J.A. Wood, G.R. "Determination of free and total carbon in suspended air particulate matter collected on glass fiber filters". Environ. Sci. Technol., 1980, 14, 556-561. 

There are significant differences in the carbonate mineralogy of coals from different parts of the world. Calcite is nearly the only carbonate mineral observed in Illinois coals (1) whereas ankerite is the dominant carbonate mineral in British coals (5,6), and siderite, ankerite, and calcite are common in Australian coals (7). The carbonate minerals make up 9% of the total mineral matter content of coals from the Illinois Basin (1). 

Proximate and ultimate analyses results (Tables VII and VIII, respectively) show that fixed and total carbon content of the lithotypes decrease in the order vitrain, durain, and fusain. The reverse of this trend is found for percent ash content, vitrain having the least and the durains and fusains having the most. Durain was found to have the highest percentage of volatile matter vitrains have the highest percentage of sulfur. 

These samples were studied by chemical and microscopic methods. Chemical data include moisture, ash, volatile matter, total carbon, and hydrogen. Microscopic data include reflectance measurements on samples from both cores and maceral analyses of core DDH-B. 

These coke samples were studied by chemical, x-ray diffraction, and microscopic techniques. Chemical data include total carbon, volatile matter, ash, and sulfur determinations. 

Figure 10 shows the percent total carbon and percent volatile matter plotted vs. the distance across the xenolith. The total carbon (daf), ranging from 85 to 93%, increases toward the center of the xenolith whereas the volatile matter, ranging from 6.5 to 16%, decreases. This may be explained by the movement of volatiles outward to the top and bottom of the xenolith. 

Carbonaceous materials (predominantly found in the fine size mode) and sometimes the dominant fraction of the total fine particle mass (Andrews et al., 2000 Putaud et al., 2004) have been usually classified as organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and inorganic carbon (IC). The latter fraction typically consists of mineral carbonates derived almost exclusively from soil dust (Seinfeld and Pankow, 2003). Since mineral carbonates are commonly discarded from chemical aerosol mass closures, data on total carbon (TC) content of air particulate matter at sites representing different pollution levels refers only to the sum of OC and EC... 

Fung, Y.S. and K.L. Dao. 1998. Determination of total carbon in air particulate matter by thermal combustion—ion chromatography. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 69 125-139. 

The total volatile matter yield, and hence the yield of tar plus light oils, is proportional to the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio in the raw material. On the other hand, the chemically formed water vapor that distills off during pyrolysis in an inert atmosphere is proportional to the oxygen-to-carbon ratio. The yields and product distributions also depend on the rate of pyrolysis. 

---