Torque patterns

J. P. Dewald and R. F. Beer (2001), Abnormal joint torque patterns in the paretic upper limb of subjects with hemiparesis. Muscle and Nerve 24 273-283. 

Figure 2.21 Typical torque patterns demonstrated during removal of a nut locked with an anaerobic adhesive. A The anaerobic composition has a high level of true adhesion as well as compressive strength.

Table 2.3 and Figure 2.22). However, with an anaerobic locking medium, the torque patterns of Figure 2.21 will apply as well on nut removal to give the composite patterns shown in Figure 2.23. 

So many mechanical designs are available that listing any particular method for LGA assembly is impractical. Some rely on spring clips whereas others use traditional screw fasteners, as shown previously. If held by four screws, as often is the case, then a tire lug torque pattern should be employed to ensure even tightening (see Fig. 50.7). 

FIGURE 50.7 Manual torque pattern for even fastening of the LGA. Each fastener should receive the same number of turns or partial turns to ensure even seating of the LGA stack. 

This determines the switching pattern of the inverter unit, based on the T and

error signals, obtained from the torque and flux comparators. Since these signals arc obtained at very high speed, the inverter IGBTs are also switched with an equally high speed to provide a quick response and an accurate T and N. 

The melt-spinning process used to convert mesophase pitch into fiber form is similar to that employed for many thermoplastic polymers. Normally, an extruder melts the pitch and pumps it into the spin pack. Typically, the molten pitch is filtered before being extruded through a multi-holed spinnerette. The pitch is subjected to high extensional and shear stresses as it approaches and flows through the spinnerette capillaries. The associated torques tend to orient the liquid crystalline pitch in a regular transverse pattern. Upon emerging from the... 

Odd torque harmonics become significant as strain increases and are therefore considered as the nonlinear viscoelastic signature of tested materials, only available through FT rheometry. Figure 30.10 shows the typical pattern of corrected relative TTHC (i.e., T(nw/lw)) versus strain y that, in most cases, can be modeled with a simple equation, i.e.. 

Any dipolar magnetic field pattern is symmetric with respect to rotations around a particular axis. Hence, it is customary to describe the magnetic dipole moment that creates such a field as a vector with a direction along that axis. The SI units of magnetic moments are thus A m. From Eq. 8.2, the torque experienced by the magnetic moment in the external field is given by the cross product of the magnetic moment and... 

If the ratio f lf2 I is greater than unity the torques induced by the symmetric and antisymmetric strain rates respectively will never cancel out and the antisymmetric pressure will never vanish. This means that the director continues rotating for ever. The liquid crystal is said to be flow unstable and complicated flow patterns arise. TTiey have been studied comprehensively both experimentally and theoretically [30]. Some nematic liquid crystals are flow stable whereas others are not. For example, 4-n-pentyl-4 -cyanobiphenyl (5CB) is flow stable whereas 4-n-octyl-4 -cyanobiphenyl (8CB) is flow unstable. The only difference between this two substances is the length of the hydrocarbon chain attached to the cyanobiphenyl skeleton. Nematic liquid crystals that are flow stable usually become flow unstable close to the nematic-smectic A transition. The reason for this is that there is an emergent layer structure in the fluid that is incommensurate with the strain rate field. 

Fig. 3 illustrates the classical power and torque profiles that start with a dry mixing stage, rise steeply with binder solution addition, level off into a plateau, and then exhibit overgranulation stage. The power and torque signals have similar shape and are strongly correlated. The pattern shows a plateau region where power consumption or torque is relatively stable. 

Torque or power consumption pattern of a mixer is a function of the viscosity of both the granulate and binder. With the increasing viscosity, the plateau is shortened and sometimes vanishes completely, thereby increasing the need to stop the mixer at the exact end-point. 

Fluid flow may be steady or unsteady, uniform or nonuniform, and it can also be laminar or turbulent, as well as one-, two-, or three-dimensional, and rotational or irrotational. One-dimensional flow of incompressible fluid in food systems occurs when the direction and magnitude of the velocity at all points are identical. In this case, flow analysis is based on the single dimension taken along the central streamline of the flow, and velocities and accelerations normal to the streamline are negligible. In such cases, average values of velocity, pressure, and elevation are considered to represent the flow as a whole. Two-dimensional flow occurs when the fluid particles of food systems move in planes or parallel planes and the streamline patterns are identical in each plane. For an ideal fluid there is no shear stress and no torque additionally, no rotational motion of fluid particles about their own mass centers exists. 

A nearly identical flow pattern exists in the annular space between two concentric cylinders, one rotating and the other stationary, provided the width of the annulus, B, is small compared to the diameters of the cylinders. A device that makes use of this is the Couette viscometer. By measuring the torque required to rotate one cylinder at a known speed, the viscosity may be readily calculated from Eq. (5.70). 

There is an almost infinite variety of possible tool shapes, and fabricating tool steel profiles and conducting experimental trials is expensive. Hence, the potential of modeling is particularly great in the area of tool design. Colegrove and Shercliff (Ref 45 7, 50) used the 2-D CED methods discussed in section 10.3.5, Tool Material Interface Conditions, to study a series of profiles, as illustrated in Fig. 10.9. The sensitivity of the flow pattern, torque, and traverse force to tool shape was compared for 2024, 7075, and 7449 aluminum alloys. Experimental... 

Torque Weld energy, weld pattern, focus, beam balance 10 in./lb minimum 17.8 in./lb 1.2 in./lb Destructive < 0.5 in./lb... 

For any joint or joint complex, muscle performance can be quantified in terms of the basic dimensions of performance strength, speed, endurance, steadiness, and coordination. Muscle strength is the capacity to produce torque or work by voluntary activation of the muscles, whereas muscle endurance is the ability to maintain a predetermined level of motor output — for example, torque, velocity, range of motion, work, or energy — over a period of time. Fatigue is considered to be a process under which the capability of muscles diminish. However, neuromuscular adjustments take place to meet the task demands (i.e., increase in neural excitation) until there is final performance breakdown — endurance time. Coordination, in this context, is the temporal and spatial organizations of movement and the recruitment patterns of the muscle synergies. 

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