Pattern transversal

The melt-spinning process used to convert mesophase pitch into fiber form is similar to that employed for many thermoplastic polymers. Normally, an extruder melts the pitch and pumps it into the spin pack. Typically, the molten pitch is filtered before being extruded through a multi-holed spinnerette. The pitch is subjected to high extensional and shear stresses as it approaches and flows through the spinnerette capillaries. The associated torques tend to orient the liquid crystalline pitch in a regular transverse pattern. Upon emerging from the... 

The influence of room transverse cross-section configuration on airflow patterns created by air jets supplied through round nozzles in proximity to the ceiling was studied by Baharev and Troyanovsky and Nielsen (see Fig. 7.37). Based on experimental data, they concluded that when the room width B is less than 3.5H, the jet attaches to the ceiling and spreads, filling the whole width of the room in the manner of a linear jet. The reverse flow develops under the jet. When B > 4H, the reverse flow also develops along the jet sides. Baharev and Troyanovsky indicated that air temperature and velocity distribution in the occupied zone is more uniform when the jet develops in the upper zone and the occupied zone is ventilated by the reverse flow. Thus, they proposed limiting room width to 3-3.5H,. 

The other detonability length scale is the detonation cell width, X (also called cell size) which is the transverse dimension of diamond shaped cells generated by the transverse wave stmctnre at a detonation front. It has a fish scale pattern (see Figure 4-4). Detonation cell widths are nsnally measured by the traces (soot) deposited on smoke foils inserted in test vessels or piping surfaces. The more reactive the gas-air mixture, the smaller is the cell size. The same is tme for chemical indnction length as a qualitative measure of detonability. The cell width, X, is a parameter that is of practical importance. The transition from dehagration to detonation, propagation, and transmission of a detonation, can to some extent be eval-... 

The minimum number of the tube rows recommended to establish a proper air flow pattern is 4, although 3 rows can be used. The typical unit has 4-6 rows of tubes, but more can be used. Although more heat can be transferred by increasing the number of tubes, the required fan horsepower will be increased however, this balance must be optimized for an effective economical design. Tubes are laid out on transverse or longitudinal patterns however, the transverse is usually used due to the improved performance related to pressure drop and heat transfer. The tube pitch is quite important for best air-side performance. A typical representative tube arrangement for design optimization is for hare-tube O.D., tinned-tube O.D., and tube pitch ... 

Comparisons in this part are made on sinusoidal surfaces with transverse, longitudinal, and isotropic patterns. Geometric shapes for the three types of waviness are specified by Eqs (41)-(43). Amplitude of waviness, A, is set at 0.4 /am for transverse and longitudinal waviness but adjusted to 0.2 mm for the isotropic one, while the wavelength is = Wy... 

Figure 1. Transverse section of barley leaf epidermal cells taken perpendicular to the long axis of the cells and anticlinal to the leaf surface. The section has been labeled by the EMSIL technique (see Methods) utilizing purified C. sativus endopolygalacturonase and monoclonal antibody EPG-4, which is specific for this enzyme, in order to localize the substrate of the enzyme at the typical site penetrated by the fungal pathogen. Bar = 1 pm. Inset Comparable cell wall region as in Fig. 1 but labeled with monoclonal antibody JIM 5 to localize non-esterified pectin. Bar = 1 pm. Note the identical labeling patterns obtained with either method.

As mentioned earlier, in curved channels a secondary flow pattern of two counter-rotating vortices is formed. Similarly to the situation depicted in Figrue 2.43, these vortices redistribute fluid volumes in a plane perpendicular to the main flow direction. Such a transversal mass transfer reduces the dispersion, a fact reflected in the dependence in Eq. (108) at large Dean numbers. For small Dean numbers, the secondary flow is negligible, and the dispersion in curved ducts equals the Taylor-Aris dispersion of straight ducts. 

Transversely, mammalian biomembranes exhibit a general pattern for preferential localization of choline-containing phospholipids [such as phosphatidylcholine (PC) and... 

The lack of hydrodynamic definition was recognized by Eucken (E7), who considered convective diffusion transverse to a parallel flow, and obtained an expression analogous to the Leveque equation of heat transfer (L5b, B4c, p. 404). Experiments with Couette flow between a rotating inner cylinder and a stationary outer cylinder did not confirm his predictions (see also Section VI,D). At very low rotation rates laminar flow is stable, and does not contribute to the diffusion process since there is no velocity component in the radial direction. At higher rotation rates, secondary flow patterns form (Taylor vortices), and finally the flow becomes turbulent. Neither of the two flow regimes satisfies the conditions of the Leveque equation. 

Polarization is a relevant issue, because we are dealing with transversal waves (Guinier [6], p. 10-11). Polarization correction should be carried out for MAXS and WAXS data. It is less important for SAXS and USAXS patterns. In particular, if synchrotron radiation is used, the polarization correction is quite involved and based on the degree of polarization. For the purpose of reliable correction it is thus recommended to let a polarization monitor measure the actual degree of synchrotron beam polarization. 

It is a 2D slice of the fiber pattern. Only fiber symmetry makes that it is completely represented by a curve as a function of a transversal (cf. Bonart [16]) coordinate... 

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