Inland valleys

Stapleton JJ, Ferguson L (1996) Solarization to disinfest soil for containerized plants in the inland valleys of California. In Proceedings of the annual international research conference on methyl bromide alternatives and emissions reduction. Orlando, FL, 4-6 November 1996, p 6 Stapleton JJ, Garza-Lopez JG (1988) Mulching of soils with transparent (solarization) and black polyethylene films to increase growth of annual and perennial crops in southwestern Mexico. Trop Agric 65 29-33... 

Most of the landforms in which wetlands form can be seen in tracing a river from its source in hilly or mountainous areas to its outflow in coastal floodplains and the sea. The main landforms are inland valleys, allnvial fans or fan complexes, meander or lacustrine floodplains, and allnvial terraces (Figure 1.4), and each of these is associated with particnlar soils as illnstrated for ricelands in Asia in Table 1.6. This section gives a brief description of these associations. More complete descriptions are given in Moormann and van Breemen (1978), Driessen and Moormann (1985) and Richardson and Vepraskas (2001). Following these anthors I use the USDA (1999) soil classification. 

FIGURE 12 1 Major topographic features of the Los Angeles basin with inland valleys and mountains. Station locations A, Highland B, City Creek C, Mud Flat D, Rim Forest. Aircraft flight paths for the study area are also shown. Reprinted with permission from Edinger et al. 

Windmeijer, P.N. and W. Andriesse (eds) (1993) Inland valleys in West Africa An agro-ecological characterization of rice-growing environments.- ILRI publication No. 52. Wageningen, The Netherlands. 

According to Stauffer (1973) the Quaternary cover is found on coastal lowlands and constitutes the floors of some inland valleys. It also finds localized expression on terraces or as remnants of erosion deposits at higher levels. 

Keefer D.V., and Wilson R.C. Predicting earthquake induced landslides, with emphasis on arid semi-arid Environments in Sadler P.M., and Morton D.M. (ed.). Landslides in a semi-arid environment with emphasis on the inland Valleys of Southern California. California Publications of the Inland Geo logical Society, 1989. 

Kelley, R. 1998. Battling the Inland Sea Floods, Public Policy and the Sacramento Valley. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. 

Obsidian artifacts sourced to El Chayal have been excavated from archaeological sites around the Usumacinta River basin, in northeastern Pet6n, in the Belize Valley, and the Toledo District of southern Belize (72). Hammond (75) suggests that highland Maya transported and traded obsidian to the lowland communities by inland routes through the Usumacinta and Sarstoon River basins or it could have been transported down the Rio Pasidn to Seibal and then north to Tikal (77, 7<5). 

In less than an hour and a half, we pass over the last foothill of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and begin to drop down into the Central Valley. Straight ahead, fifty miles to the west is the Coast Range. Millions of years ago, erosion from these two parallel mountain ranges deposited sediments onto the floor of the valley that was once an inland sea, creating soil that is deep brown, loamy, and rich in nutrients. Today this fertile soil supports the most productive agricultural land in the world, supplying 25% of all the food produced in the United States. 

When the soil selenium decrease from the coast to the inland was proved, it was easy to understand that muscle degeneration in domestic animals due to selenium deficiency (Mikkelsen and Hansen, 1967, 1968) was concentrated in the valleys with low precipitation in the eastern part of Norway. Our neighbour country Finland, with a mostly typical continental climate, has from an early stage taken up the problem by adding selenium to the cattle fodder. In Finland, and in other Scandinavian countries as well, there is now a discussion on the possibilities of adding a selenium compound to commercial fertilizers to increase the selenium content in the plants. 

Compare this advice to that based on more universalistic units of measurement. A typical local edition of The Farmer s Almanac is a case in point. It may suggest planting corn after the first full moon in May or after a specified date, such as May 20. In New England, at any rate, this advice would require considerable adjustment by latitude and altitude. A date that would serve for southern Connecticut would not suit Vermont a date that worked in the valleys would not be right for the hills (especially the north-facing slopes) a date that worked near the coast would not work inland. And the almanac s date is almost certainly a fail-safe date, since the worst thing that could happen to an almanac publisher would be to have his or her advice lead to a crop failure. As a result of this commercial caution, some valuable growing time may have been lost in the interest of certainty ... 

Humid, fog-laden air at a temperature of 65°F from over the Pacific Ocean is deflected up over a 4000-ft coastal mountain. On the inland side of the mountain, the air follows the land contours and descends to a valley 1000 ft above sea level. What is the temperature and humidity of the air in the valley ... 

Klein-Ben David, O., Sass, E. Katz, A. (2004) The evolution of marine evaporitic brines in inland basins the Jordan-Dead Sea Rift valley. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68, 1763-1775. 

River Valley, Manitoba. Can. Dep. Energy, Mines Resour., Inland Waters Branch, Sci. 

The combined effect of transpiration from soil and vegetation can be illustrated by the following oversimplified example. With strong westerly winds (25 to 40 km/hr), the concentration of mercury in oceanic air increases from 0.7 to 2 ng/m near California s Central Valley (7), a distance of about 100 km inland from the ocean. With this number the release of mercury per km per day can be calculated. For convenience consider a land section 0.01 km wide with an inversion height of 0.4 km. In this example the distance from the coast to the valley is filled with oceanic air in about 3 hours. The surface which liberates the mercury is thus 1 km, and the corresponding air volume is 0.4 km. Because this volume is swept in 3 hours, the volume swept by oceanic air in 24 hours is 8 times larger or 3.2 km. The mercury increased by 1.3 ng/m. The amount of mercury released over the continent was thus estimated to be ... 

Fig. 10.1 Wright Valley In southern Victoria Land is ice-free and contains the Onyx River which flows inland from Lake Brown worth at the base of the Wright Lower Glacier near the...

Klein-BenDavid O, Sass E, Katz A (2004) The evolution of marine evaporitic brines in inland basins The Jordan-Dead Sea Rift valley. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 68(8) 1763-1775 Koeberl C (1990) Dust bands in blue ice fields in Antarctica and their relationship to meteorites and ice. In Cassidy WA, WhiUans I (eds) Workshop of Antarctic meteorite stranding surfaces. Lunar Planet. Inst., Tech. Report. 90-03 70-74. Houston, TX... 

The southern cerrados are bordered by forms of the Atlantic forest, mostly by its seasonal dry semideciduous (inland Atlantic) subtype, but also by mixed ombrophilous (evergreen, with Araucaria) forest in Parana state and at high altitudes in Sao Paulo and south Minas Gerais states, or dense ombrophilous (evergreen broadleaf) forest in the Paraiba valley, eastern Sao Paulo state. In a recent study Ohveira-Filho and Fontes (2000) have demonstrated a close association between cerrado and Atlantic dry semideciduous forests, with many non-endemic accessory species in common. 

---